Radio-frequency-identification-based smart fastener

{
  "publication_number": "US11595084B2",
  "country": "US",
  "kind": "B2",
  "title": "Radio-frequency-identification-based smart fastener",
  "abstract": "A system may include a fastener having a trench formed in a side of a head of the fastener. The system may further include a magneto-elastic component spanning the trench and attached to the head of the fastener on both sides of the trench. The system may also include a coil wrapped around the magneto-elastic component between both sides of the trench. The system may include a radio frequency identification (RFID) circuit, where the coil may be electrically connected to the RFID circuit resulting in a resonance response frequency that is a function of a strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component.",
  "claims": [
    "1. A system comprising: a fastener having a trench formed in a side of a head of the fastener; a magneto-elastic component spanning the trench and attached to the head of the fastener on both sides of the trench; a coil wrapped around the magneto-elastic component between both sides of the trench; and a radio frequency identification (RFID) circuit, wherein the coil is electrically connected to the RFID circuit resulting in a resonance response frequency that is a function of a strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component.",
    "2. The system of claim 1, wherein a first range of strain levels applied to the magneto-elastic component results in a first range of resonance response frequencies and a second range of strain levels applied to the magneto-elastic component results in a second range of resonance response frequencies.",
    "3. The system of claim 2, further comprising an RFID reader, wherein the first range of resonance response frequencies corresponds to a designated RFID band of the RFID reader.",
    "4. The system of claim 3, wherein the RFID reader is configured to transmit an excitation signal at a predetermined frequency that enables activates the RFID circuit, and wherein the RFID circuit resonates in response to the predetermined frequency when the strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component is within the first range of strain levels, and wherein the RFID circuit does not resonate in response to the predetermined frequency when the strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component is within the second range of strain levels.",
    "5. The system of claim 4, wherein the first range of strain levels is associated with the fastener being in a tight state and the second range of strain levels is associated with the fastener being in a loose state, or wherein the first range of strain levels is associated with the fastener being the loose state and the second range of strain levels is associated with the fastener being in the tight state.",
    "6. The system of claim 3, wherein the RFID reader is configured to: transmit an excitation signal over a range of frequencies; determine the resonance response frequency of the RFID circuit: and map the resonance response frequency of the RFID circuit to the strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component.",
    "7. The system of claim 3, further comprising: additional fasteners; additional magneto-electric components; additional RFID circuits and with additional variable inductor circuits; and additional coils wrapped around the additional magneto-elastic components, wherein the additional coils are electrically connected to the additional RFID circuits resulting in additional resonance response frequencies that are a function of additional strain levels applied to the additional magneto-elastic components, and wherein the designated band of the RFID reader corresponds to a loose state, thereby enabling the fastener to be located among the additional fastener while the fastener is in a loose state and the additional fasteners are in a tight state.",
    "8. The system of claim 7, wherein the RFID circuit is configured to transmit an identifier that is usable to locate the fastener.",
    "9. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a second magneto-elastic component attached to the head of the fastener; a second coil wrapped around the magneto-elastic component; and a second RFID circuit, wherein the second coil is electrically connected to the second RFID circuit resulting in a second resonance response frequency that is a function of a second strain level applied to the second magneto-elastic component.",
    "10. The system of claim 9, wherein the resonance response frequency of the RFID circuit is within a designated RFID band of an RFID reader in response to the strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component corresponding to the fastener being in a tight state, and wherein the second resonance response frequency of the second RFID circuit is within the designated RFID band in response to the second strain level applied to the second magneto-elastic component corresponding to the fastener being in a loose state.",
    "11. An apparatus comprising: a radio frequency identification (RFID) circuit; an antenna electrically connected to the RFID circuit; and a variable inductor circuit electrically coupled to the RFID circuit and to the antenna, the variable inductor circuit comprising a magneto-elastic component coupled to both sides of a trench formed within a side of a head of a fastener, wherein an inductance exhibited by the variable inductor circuit is a function of a strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component across the trench, wherein a resonance response frequency of the RFID circuit is a function of the inductance exhibited by the variable inductor circuit, wherein a change in the strain level results in a shift in the resonance response frequency, and wherein a predetermined strain level range, associated with the fastener being in a tightened state, results in a predetermined resonance response frequency band.",
    "12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the antenna is a dipole antenna, and wherein the predetermined resonance response frequency band is an ultra-high-frequency (UHF) band.",
    "13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the antenna is a loop antenna, and wherein the predetermined resonance response frequency band is a high-frequency (HF) band or a low-frequency (LF) band.",
    "14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the variable inductor circuit is incorporated into a loop of the loop antenna.",
    "15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the variable inductor circuit includes an inductor coil surrounding the magneto-elastic component.",
    "16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the magneto-elastic component includes a multiferroic material core.",
    "17. A method comprising: forming a trench in a side of a head of a fastener; attaching a magneto-elastic component to both sides of the trench so that the magneto-elastic component spans the trench; wrapping a coil around the magneto-elastic component so that the coil is positioned between both sides of the trench after the magneto-elastic component is attached to both sides of the trench; and electrically connecting the coil to a radio frequency identification (RFID) circuit, resulting in a resonance response frequency that is a function of a strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component.",
    "18. The method of claim 17, wherein the resonance response frequency of the RFID circuit is within a designated RFID band of an RFID reader in response to the strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component corresponding to the fastener being in a tight state.",
    "19. The method of claim 17, wherein the resonance response frequency of the RFID circuit is within a designated RFID band of an RFID reader in response to the strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component corresponding to the fastener being in a loose state.",
    "20. The method of claim 17, further comprising: changing the strain level applied to the magneto-elastic component and thereby shifting the resonance response frequency of the RFID circuit."
  ],
  "description_excerpt": "This disclosure is generally related to the field of fasteners and, in particular, to radio-frequency-identification-based smart fasteners.\n\nRadio frequency identification (RFID) systems have become ubiquitous for tracking and identifying assets of interest. RFID tags can be classified as passive or active based on a power source of the tag. The most common form of RFID systems uses passive tags in which an RFID chip is powered by an impinging field radiated from a reader. A typical ultra-high frequency (UHF)-band RFID tag may include a dipole type of antenna and an RFID integrated circuit (IC) chip. RFID chips may be available off-the-shelf from numerous manufacturers. Most RFID chips in the LF, HF, and UHF bands exhibit some capacitive reactance along with some resistance. The complex impedance of the RFID chip may be conjugate matched to that of the antenna for a maximum power transfer by adding an inductive loop as part of the antenna. The inductive loop in typical applications exhibits a fixed inductance in order to ensure the RFID tag may communicate with a reader at a specific predetermined RFID frequency.\n\nRFID systems may also be integrated with sensors to enable wireless sensor systems. For example, an RFID sensor system may include a strain sensor and a microprocessor to process data measured by the strain sensor for communication via the RFID tag to a reader. A typical sensor-integrated RFID tag may include a sensor, a microprocessor, an RFID circuit, an antenna, and a dedicated power source.",
  "cpc": [
    "G06K 19/0716",
    "B25B 23/1475",
    "B60B 9/26",
    "G01B 2210/58",
    "G01B 7/24",
    "G01L 5/24",
    "G06K 19/07777",
    "G06K 7/10366",
    "H04B 5/0043",
    "H04B 5/0062",
    "H04B 5/73",
    "H04B 5/77"
  ],
  "ipc": [
    "G01B 7/24",
    "G06K 19/077",
    "G06K 7/10",
    "G08B 1/08",
    "H04B 5/48"
  ],
  "assignees": [
    "Boeing Co"
  ],
  "inventors": [
    "Chia-Ming Chang",
    "Hyok J. Song",
    "Adam E. Sorensen",
    "Donald W. Coffland"
  ],
  "filing_date": "2021-02-02",
  "publication_date": "2023-02-28",
  "grant_date": "2023-02-28",
  "priority_date": "2019-08-08",
  "application_number": "US-202117165666-A",
  "family_id": "70294979",
  "cited_by_count": 0,
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