Systems and methods for encoding light field image files

{
  "publication_number": "US9811753B2",
  "country": "US",
  "kind": "B2",
  "title": "Systems and methods for encoding light field image files",
  "abstract": "Systems and methods configured to store images synthesized from light field image data and metadata describing the images in electronic files and render images using the stored image and the metadata in accordance with embodiments of the invention are disclosed. One embodiment includes a processor and memory containing an encoding application and light field image data, where the light field image data comprises a plurality of low resolution images of a scene captured from different viewpoints. In addition, the encoding application configures the processor to synthesize a higher resolution image of the scene from a reference viewpoint using the low resolution images, where synthesizing the higher resolution image involves creating a depth map that specifies depths from the reference viewpoint for pixels in the higher resolution image; encode the higher resolution image; and create a light field image file including the encoded image and metadata including the depth map.",
  "claims": [
    "1. An image processing system, comprising: a processor; and memory containing an encoding application; wherein the encoding application configures the processor to: control capture of a plurality of images of a scene from different viewpoints by an array of cameras; generate a depth map that specifies depths for pixels from a reference viewpoint using the plurality of captured images; synthesize an image of the scene from the reference viewpoint using the plurality of captured images, where synthesizing the image involves using the depth map that specifies depths from the reference viewpoint for pixels in the synthesized image; encode the synthesized image; and store the synthesized image in an image file, and store the depth map and at least one of the plurality of captured images in the image file.",
    "2. The system of claim 1, wherein the encoding application configures the processor to encode the depth map and store the depth map as metadata within the image file.",
    "3. The system of claim 2, wherein the metadata also includes a description of a focal plane.",
    "4. The system of claim 1, wherein: synthesizing the image involves identifying pixels in the plurality of images of the scene that are occluded in the reference viewpoint; and wherein the encoding application configure the processor to store metadata describing the encoded image in the image file, wherein the stored metadata includes descriptions of the occluded pixels.",
    "5. The system of claim 4, wherein the descriptions of the occluded pixels include colors, locations, and depths of the occluded pixels.",
    "6. The system of claim 1, wherein: generating a depth map involves creating a confidence map for the depth map, where the confidence map indicates the reliability of the depth value for a pixel in the depth map; and wherein the encoding application configure the processor to store metadata describing the encoded image in the image file, wherein the metadata includes the depth map and the confidence map.",
    "7. The system of claim 6, wherein the encoding application configures the processor to encode the confidence map.",
    "8. The system of claim 1, wherein: the encoding application configures the processor to generate an edge map that indicates pixels in the synthesized image that lie on a discontinuity; and wherein the encoding application configure the processor to store metadata describing the encoded image in the image file, wherein the metadata includes the edge map.",
    "9. The system of claim 8, wherein the edge map identifies whether a pixel lies on an intensity discontinuity.",
    "10. The system of claim 8, wherein the edge map identifies whether a pixel lies on an intensity and depth discontinuity.",
    "11. The system of claim 8, wherein the encoding application configures the processor to encode the edge map.",
    "12. The system of claim 1, wherein: the encoding application configures the processor to generate a missing pixel map that indicates pixels in the synthesized image that do not correspond to a pixel from the plurality of images of the scene and that are generated by interpolating pixel values from adjacent pixels in the synthesized image; and wherein the encoding application configure the processor to store metadata describing the encoded image in the image file, wherein the metadata includes the missing pixels map.",
    "13. The system of claim 12, wherein the encoding application configures the processor to encode the missing pixels map.",
    "14. The system of claim 1, wherein the image file conforms to the JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) standard.",
    "15. The system of claim 14, wherein the synthesized image is encoded in accordance with the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) standard.",
    "16. The system of claim 15, wherein the encoding application configure the processor to store metadata describing the encoded image within an application marker segment within the image file.",
    "17. The system of claim 16, wherein the application marker segment is identified using an APP9 marker.",
    "18. The system of claim 16, wherein the encoding application configures the processor to encode the depth map using lossless compression and the encoded depth map is stored within the application marker segment containing the metadata describing the encoded image.",
    "19. The system of claim 1, wherein the depth map and at least one of the plurality of captured images are stored as metadata in the image file.",
    "20. A method for encoding light field image data as a image file, comprising: capture a plurality of images of a scene from different viewpoints by an array of cameras; generate a depth map that specifies depths for pixels from a reference viewpoint using the plurality of captured images using a processor; synthesize an image of a scene from the reference viewpoint based upon the plurality of captured images using a processor, wherein synthesizing the image involves using the depth map that specifies depths from the reference viewpoint for pixels in the synthesized image; encoding the synthesized image using a processor; and storing the synthesized image in an image file using a processor, and storing the depth map and at least one of the plurality of captured images in the image file.",
    "21. A non-transitory machine readable medium containing processor instructions, where execution of the instructions by a processor causes the processor to perform a process comprising: controlling capturing of a plurality of images of a scene from different viewpoints by an array of cameras; generating a depth map that specifies depths for pixels from a reference viewpoint using the plurality of captured images; synthesizing an image of a scene from the reference viewpoint using the plurality of captured images, wherein synthesizing the image involves using the depth map that specifies depths from the reference viewpoint for pixels in the synthesized image; encoding the synthesized image; and storing the synthesized image in an image file, and storing the depth map and at least one of the plurality of captured images in the image file."
  ],
  "description_excerpt": "The present invention relates to encoding of image files and more specifically to the encoding of light field image files.\n\nThe ISO/IEC 10918-1 standard, more commonly referred to as the JPEG standard after the Joint Photographic Experts Group that developed the standard, establishes a standard process for digital compression and coding of still images. The JPEG standard specifies a codec for compressing an image into a bitstream and for decompressing the bitstream back into an image.\n\nA variety of container file formats including the JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) specified in ISO/IEC 10918-5 and the Exchangeable Image File Format (Exif) and can be used to store a JPEG bitstream. JFIF can be considered a minimal file format that enables JPEG bitstreams to be exchanged between a wide variety of platforms and applications. The color space used in JFIF files is YCbCr as defined by CCIR Recommendation 601, involving 256 levels. The Y, Cb, and Cr components of the image file are converted from R, G, and B, but are normalized so as to occupy the full 256 levels of an 8-bit binary encoding. YCbCr is one of the compression formats used by JPEG. Another popular option is to perform compression directly on the R, G and B color planes. Direct RGB color plane compression is also popular when lossless compression is being applied.\n\nA JPEG bitstream stores 16-bit word values in big-endian format. JPEG data in general is stored as a stream of blocks, and each block is identified by a marker value. The first two bytes of every JPEG bitstream are the Start Of Image (SOI) marker values FFh D8h.",
  "cpc": [
    "H04N 13/178",
    "G06K 9/36",
    "G06T 15/08",
    "G06T 2207/10052",
    "G06T 3/4007",
    "G06T 3/4053",
    "G06T 7/50",
    "G06T 7/596",
    "G06T 9/00",
    "G06T 9/20",
    "H04N 13/0022",
    "H04N 13/0048",
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    "H04N 13/128",
    "H04N 13/139",
    "H04N 13/161",
    "H04N 13/243",
    "H04N 13/271",
    "H04N 19/136",
    "H04N 19/593",
    "H04N 19/597",
    "H04N 19/625",
    "H04N 19/70",
    "H04N 19/85",
    "H04N 2013/0081"
  ],
  "ipc": [
    "G06T 7/00",
    "G06K 9/36",
    "G06T 3/40",
    "G06T 9/00",
    "H04N 13/00",
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  ],
  "assignees": [
    "Fotonation Cayman Ltd"
  ],
  "inventors": [
    "Kartik Venkataraman",
    "Semyon Nisenzon",
    "Dan Lelescu"
  ],
  "filing_date": "2015-03-24",
  "publication_date": "2017-11-07",
  "grant_date": "2017-11-07",
  "priority_date": "2011-09-28",
  "application_number": "US-201514667495-A",
  "family_id": "47911367",
  "cited_by_count": 92,
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