Systems and methods for generating depth maps using images captured by camera arrays incorporating cameras having different fields of view

{
  "publication_number": "US9576369B2",
  "country": "US",
  "kind": "B2",
  "title": "Systems and methods for generating depth maps using images captured by camera arrays incorporating cameras having different fields of view",
  "abstract": "A camera array, an imaging device and/or a method for capturing image that employ a plurality of imagers fabricated on a substrate is provided. Each imager includes a plurality of pixels. The plurality of imagers include a first imager having a first imaging characteristics and a second imager having a second imaging characteristics. The images generated by the plurality of imagers are processed to obtain an enhanced image compared to images captured by the imagers. Each imager may be associated with an optical element fabricated using a wafer level optics (WLO) technology.",
  "claims": [
    "1. A camera array, comprising: a plurality of cameras configured to capture images of a scene; an image processor configured to process at least a subset of images captured by the plurality of cameras; wherein the plurality of cameras comprises at least two cameras having different imaging characteristics including different fields of view; wherein the image processor is configured to: measure parallax within the processed images by detecting parallax-induced changes taking into account the position of the cameras that captured the images; generate a depth map using the measured parallax; and synthesize an image using the images captured by the plurality of cameras and the depth map.",
    "2. The camera array of claim 1, wherein the image processor is configured to synthesize images having different levels of zoom.",
    "3. The camera array of claim 2, further comprising: a display; wherein the image processor is configured to synthesize images that smoothly transition from one zoom level to another zoom level when displayed.",
    "4. The camera array of claim 3, wherein the transition is from a zoom level corresponding to a field of view of the widest-angle view camera in the plurality of cameras to a field of view of the camera in the plurality of cameras having the greatest-magnification view.",
    "5. The camera array of claim 2, wherein the image processor is configured to synthesize an image using the images captured by the plurality of cameras and the depth map by mapping pixels from the images captured by the plurality of cameras onto an output image with a size and resolution corresponding to a specific amount of zoom.",
    "6. The camera array of claim 2, wherein the image processor is further configured to store the synthesized images having different levels of zoom.",
    "7. The camera array of claim 2, wherein at least one camera from the plurality of cameras having a higher magnification lens is configured with the same center of view as at least one camera from the plurality of cameras having a lower magnification lens such that a center area of the image synthesized by the image processor has a higher resolution than an outer area.",
    "8. The camera array of claim 2, wherein the image processor is further configured to perform zooming by discarding pixels at the periphery of an image and increasing the sampling of the pixels nearest the center of the image.",
    "9. The camera array of claim 2, wherein the image processor is configured to synthesize images having different levels of zoom by smoothly interpolating pixel information in lower resolution regions of images captured by the widest-angle view camera in the plurality of cameras across a larger number of pixels in the synthesized image.",
    "10. The camera array of claim 1, wherein the image processor is configured to select at least one distance as an “in best focus” distance and blur an image produced by the camera array based upon estimated distance information.",
    "11. The camera array of claim 1, wherein each camera comprises: optics comprising at least one lens element and at least one aperture; and a sensor comprising a two dimensional array of pixels and control circuitry for controlling imaging parameters.",
    "12. The camera array of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cameras comprises at least two cameras having different imaging characteristics including different resolutions.",
    "13. The camera array of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cameras comprises an array of camera arrays.",
    "14. The camera array of claim 1, wherein the image processor is further configured to measure parallax within the processed images by ignoring pixels in the images captured by the plurality of cameras that are in an exposed occlusion set.",
    "15. The camera array of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of cameras includes a spectral filter configured to pass a specific spectral band of light selected from the group consisting of a Bayer filter, one or more Blue filters, one or more Green filters, one or more Red filters, one or more shifted spectral filters, one or more near-IR filters, and one or more hyper-spectral filters.",
    "16. The camera array of claim 1, wherein the cameras having different imaging characteristics are configured to operate with at least one difference in operating parameters.",
    "17. The camera array of claim 16, wherein the at least one difference in operating parameters includes at least one imaging parameter selected from the group consisting of exposure time, gain, and black level offset.",
    "18. The camera array of claim 1, wherein the camera array is a monolithic camera array assembly comprising: a lens element array forming the optics of each camera; and a single semiconductor substrate on which pixels and control circuitry for each camera are formed.",
    "19. The camera array of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cameras are formed on separate semiconductor substrates.",
    "20. A camera array, comprising: a plurality of cameras configured to capture images of a scene; an image processor configured to process at least a subset of images captured by the plurality of cameras, where each camera comprises: optics comprising at least one lens element and at least one aperture; and a sensor comprising a two dimensional array of pixels and control circuitry for controlling imaging parameters; wherein the plurality of cameras comprises at least two cameras having different imaging characteristics including different fields of view; wherein the image processor is configured to: measure parallax within the processed images by detecting parallax-induced changes taking into account the position of the cameras that captured the images; generate a depth map using the measured parallax; and synthesize an image using the images captured by the plurality of cameras and the depth map; wherein the image processor is configured to synthesize images having different levels of zoom; and wherein the image processor is configured to select at least one distance as an “in best focus” distance and blur an image produced by the camera array based upon estimated distance information.",
    "21. The camera array of claim 1, wherein the image processor is configured to measure parallax for pixels within the processed images by calculating a parallax difference that yields the highest pixel correlation.",
    "22. The camera array of claim 21, wherein the parallax difference that yields the highest pixel correlation is determined by keeping track of various pair-wise measurements.",
    "23. The camera array of claim 22, wherein the image processor is configured to calculate a parallax difference that yields the highest pixel correlation by ignoring pixels in the images that are in an exposed occlusion set.",
    "24. The camera array of claim 23, wherein the measured parallax is measured with sub-pixel precision.",
    "25. The camera array of claim 21, wherein the measured parallax is measured with sub-pixel precision.",
    "26. The camera array of claim 1, wherein the measured parallax is measured with sub-pixel precision."
  ],
  "description_excerpt": "The present invention is related to an image sensor including a plurality of heterogeneous imagers, more specifically to an image sensor with a plurality of wafer-level imagers having custom filters, sensors and optics of varying configurations.\n\nImage sensors are used in cameras and other imaging devices to capture images. In a typical imaging device, light enters through an opening (aperture) at one end of the imaging device and is directed to an image sensor by an optical element such as a lens. In most imaging devices, one or more layers of optical elements are placed between the aperture and the image sensor to focus light onto the image sensor. The image sensor consists of pixels that generate signals upon receiving light via the optical element. Commonly used image sensors include CCD (charge-coupled device) image sensors and CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) sensors.\n\nFilters are often employed in the image sensor to selectively transmit lights of certain wavelengths onto pixels. A Bayer filter mosaic is often formed on the image sensor. The Bayer filter is a color filter array that arranges one of the RGB color filters on each of the color pixels. The Bayer filter pattern includes 50% green filters, 25% red filters and 25% blue filters. Since each pixel generates a signal representing strength of a color component in the light and not the full range of colors, demosaicing is performed to interpolate a set of red, green and blue values for each image pixel.",
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  "assignees": [
    "Fotonation Cayman Ltd"
  ],
  "inventors": [
    "Kartik Venkataraman",
    "Amandeep S. Jabbi",
    "Robert H. Mullis"
  ],
  "filing_date": "2016-01-05",
  "publication_date": "2017-02-21",
  "grant_date": "2017-02-21",
  "priority_date": "2008-05-20",
  "application_number": "US-201614988670-A",
  "family_id": "41417347",
  "cited_by_count": 135,
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