Cybersecurity terminology · MLC-0102

Cybersecurity terms: L (129)

L1. An integer specifying the length of the derived keying material K_(OUT )in bits, which is represented as a...
label1. A piece of information that represents the security level of an object.
label flippingA type of data poisoning attack in which an adversary is restricted to changing the training labels.
label limitA capability with which an attacker does not control the labels of training samples in supervised learning.
labeled security protectionsAccess control protection features of a system that use security labels to make access control decisions.
LACNICThe Internet Address Registry for Latin America and the Caribbean, responsible for assigning and managing...
lagging indicatorA metric that tracks the outcome of events or trends.
LANA group of computers and other devices dispersed over a relatively limited area and connected by a...
Laplace mechanismAn algorithmic primitive for differential privacy that adds random noise sampled from the Laplace...
Last Numbers Dialeda log of last numbers dialed, similar to that kept on the phone, but kept on the SIM without a timestamp.
Latency1. The delay in processing or in availability.
Latin America and Caribbean Network Information CentreThe Internet Address Registry for Latin America and the Caribbean, responsible for assigning and managing...
Latin American and Caribbean IP Address Regional Registry, see LACNIC
lawful government purposeAny activity, mission, function, operation, or endeavor that the U.S. Government authorizes or recognizes as...
Layered Binary LabelLabel that has only one design and is applied to IoT products that meet appropriate requirements but allows...
layered COTS product solutionsCommercial CS and CS-enabled information technology (IT) components used in layered solutions approved by the...
L-bit Hash FunctionA hash function for which the length of the output is L bits.
LCM(a, b)Least Common Multiple of two positive integers a and b. For example, LCM(4, 6) = 12.
LCMS, see local COMSEC management software (LCMS)
LDA, see Local Delivery Agent (LDA)
LDAPThe Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, or LDAP, is a directory access protocol. In this document, LDAP...
l-diversity1. A refinement to the k-anonymity approach that assures that groups of records specified by the same...
leading indicatorA predictive metric that tracks events or behaviors that precede incidents.
leap secondA second added to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to make it agree with astronomical time to within 0.9...
learnersIndividuals who perform cybersecurity work, including students, job seekers, and employees.
learning objectivesIdentifies the outcomes that the learning program sub-component or module should strive to meet for each of...
learning programConsists of numerous elements led by the learning program managers, who develop a strategic plan to deliver a...
learning program planA formal document that provides an overview of an agency’s cybersecurity and privacy learning program...
Least common multiple1. The smallest positive integer that is divisible by two or more positive integers without a remainder. For...
least privilege1. A security principle that a system should restrict the access privileges of users (or processes acting on...
least significant bit(s)The right-most bit(s) of a bit string.
LedgerA record of transactions.
leftmost (V, a)The leftmost a bits of V.
Legacy Environment1. A Custom environment containing older systems or applications that may need to be secured to meet today’s...
legacy useThe algorithm or key length may be used only to process already protected information (e.g., to decrypt...
Lempel-Ziv Complexity TestThe purpose of the test is to determine how far the tested sequence can be compressed. The sequence is...
LenThe number of n-byte string elements in a WOTS+ private key, public key, and signature.
len (a)The length in bits of string a.
level 1The risk management level that addresses overall risk strategy, policies, and procedures for the entire...
level 2The risk management level that addresses the risk strategy, policies, and procedures for a specific mission...
level 3The risk management level that implements ISCM for specific systems. Also refers to any element that is meant...
level of assuranceOMB Memorandum M-04-04 describes four levels of identity assurance and references NIST technical standards...
Level of Significance (a)The probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis, i.e., the probability of concluding that the null...
lg(x)The base 2 logarithm of the positive real number x.
life cycle1. Evolution of a system, product, service, project, or other human-made entity.
life cycle modelFramework of processes and activities concerned with the life cycle that may be organized into stages, which...
life cycle security conceptsThe processes, methods, and procedures associated with the system throughout its life cycle and provides...
life cycle stages1. Period that begins when a system is conceived and ends when the system is no longer available for use.
lifecycle managementThe operations that are performed to manufacture, configure, secure, use, update, and otherwise manage IoT...
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)1. The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, or LDAP, is a directory access protocol. In this document, LDAP...
Lightweight nodeA blockchain node that does not need to store a full copy of the blockchain and often passes its data to full...
likelihood1. A weighted factor based on a subjective analysis of the probability that a given threat is capable of...
likelihood of occurrence1. A weighted factor based on a subjective analysis of the probability that a given threat is capable of...
likelihood ratio testA statistical test aimed at distinguishing between two competing models that could have produced an observed...
Limit, Specification1. A condition indicating that risk has exceeded acceptable levels and that immediate action is needed to...
limited datasetA limited data set is protected health information that excludes the following direct identifiers of the...
line conductionUnintentional signals or noise induced or conducted on a telecommunications or automated information system...
line of businessThe following Office of Management and Budget (OMB)-defined process areas common to virtually all federal...
LineageThe history of processing of a data element, which may include point-topoint data flows and the data actions...
Linear Complexity TestThe purpose of this test is to determine whether or not the sequence is complex enough to be considered...
Linear DependenceIn the context of the binary rank matrix test, linear dependence refers to m-bit vectors that may be...
Lines of Business“Lines of business” or “areas of operation” describe the purpose of government in functional terms or...
link encryptionThe data security process of encrypting information at the data link level as it is transmitted between two...
link encryption family cryptographic interoperability specification (LEF-CIS)A standard defining the requirements for bulk data link encryption, similar to Ethernet and HAIPE encryption...
linkable information1. Information about or related to an individual for which there is a possibility of logical association with...
linked information1. Information about or related to an individual that is logically associated with other information about...
linking attackAn approach for exposing information specific to individuals in a de-identified dataset by matching up...
ListA dynamic-length data structure that stores a sequence of values, where each value is identified by its...
literacyAn individual’s familiarity with a basic set of knowledge.
little-endianThe property of a byte string having its bytes positioned in order of increasing significance. In particular...
Live Entropy SourceAn approved entropy source (see [NIST SP 800-90B]) that can provide an RBG with bits having a specified...
LMD, see local management device (LMD)
l(n)Lambda function of the RSA modulus n, i.e., the least positive integer i such that 1= ai mod n for all a...
LNDa log of last numbers dialed, similar to that kept on the phone, but kept on the SIM without a timestamp.
LOA, see level of assurance
local access1. Access to an organizational information system by a user (or process acting on behalf of a user)...
Local Area Network (LAN)A group of computers and other devices dispersed over a relatively limited area and connected by a...
local authorityOrganization responsible for generating and signing user certificates in a public key infrastructure...
local COMSEC management software (LCMS)Application-level software on the local management device (LMD) that provides for the management of key...
Local Defect ChecksThe defect checks that an organization adds to Foundational defect checks based on an assessment of its own...
Local Delivery Agent (LDA)A program running on a mail server that delivers messages between a sender and recipient if their mailboxes...
local element1. A user to whom COMSEC material has been issued a hand receipt. Known in EKMS and KMI as a Local Element.
Local InterfaceAn interface that can only be accessed physically, such as a port (e.g., USB, audio, video/display, serial...
local management device (LMD)The component in electronic key management system (EKMS) that provides electronic management of key and other...
Local performance metricFor a predictor, the length of the longest run of correct predictions
Local Remediation Levelmeasures the level of protection against a misuse vulnerability within the local IT environment and captures...
Local Vulnerability Prevalencemeasures the prevalence of vulnerable systems in a specific environment.
Location Information (LOCI)1. The Location Area Identifier (LAI) of the phone’s current location, continuously maintained on the...
Lock CommandA command that readers can send to a tag to block access to certain information on the tag.
Lock PointerA memory pointer that points to a target area of memory and write protects all memory locations less than the...
loc-RIBRoutes selected from the adj-RIB-In table.
LogA record of the events occurring within an organization’s systems and networks.
Log AnalysisStudying log entries to identify events of interest or suppress log entries for insignificant events.
Log ArchivalRetaining logs for an extended period of time, typically on removable media, a storage area network (SAN), or...
Log ClearingRemoving all entries from a log that precede a certain date and time.
Log CompressionStoring a log file in a way that reduces the amount of storage space needed for the file without altering the...
Log ConversionParsing a log in one format and storing its entries in a second format.
Log EntryAn individual record within a log.
Log File Integrity CheckingComparing the current message digest for a log file to the original message digest to determine if the log...
Log ManagementThe process for generating, transmitting, storing, analyzing, and disposing of log data.
Log Management InfrastructureThe hardware, software, networks, and media used to generate, transmit, store, analyze, and dispose of log...
Log Normalization1. Converting each log data field to a particular data representation and categorizing it consistently.
Log ParsingExtracting data from a log so that the parsed values can be used as input for another logging process.
Log PreservationKeeping logs that normally would be discarded, because they contain records of activity of particular...
Log ReductionRemoving unneeded entries from a log to create a new log that is smaller.
Log ReportingDisplaying the results of log analysis.
Log RetentionArchiving logs on a regular basis as part of standard operational activities.
Log RotationClosing a log file and opening a new log file when the first log file is considered to be complete.
Log ViewingDisplaying log entries in a human-readable format.
log2(x)Defined as ln(x)/ln(2), where ln is the natural logarithm.
logic bombA piece of code intentionally inserted into a software system that will set off a malicious function when...
logical access control system1. An automated system that controls an individual's ability to access one or more computer system resources...
Logical BackupA copy of the directories and files of a logical volume.
Logical IdentifierA device identifier that is expressed logically by the device’s software. An example is a media access...
Logical partitioningThe hypervisor allowing multiple guest OSs to share the same physical resources.
logical perimeterA conceptual perimeter that extends to all intended users of the system, both directly and indirectly...
Logical TestAn expression comprised of logical operators and one or more expressions to be evaluated. The individual...
Logical VolumeA partition or a collection of partitions acting as a single entity that has been formatted with a filesystem.
loginThe establishment of an authenticated session between a person and a system. Also known as “sign in,” “log...
logistic regressionA type of linear classifier that predicts the probability of an observation being part of a class.
Logo1. The NIST National Checklist Program logo.
log(x)The natural logarithm of x: log(x) = loge(x) = ln(x).
Long Runs of Ones TestThe purpose of this test is to determine whether the longest run of ones within the tested sequence is...
long titleThe title of a COMSEC item that includes the name of the manufacturer followed by the equipment designator, a...
Loop-Back ModeAn operating system facility that allows a device to be mounted via a loopback address and viewed logically...
low impact1. The loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability could be expected to have a limited adverse effect...
low probability of detection (LPD)Result of measures used to hide or disguise intentional electromagnetic transmissions.
low probability of intercept (LPI)Result of measures used to resist attempts by adversaries to analyze the parameters of a transmission to...
low probability of positioningResult of measures used to resist attempts by adversaries to determine the location of a particular...
low-dimensionalA statistic composed of few numbers - e.g. a single count, or a histogram with 5 bins.
low-impact system1. An information system in which all three security objectives (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, and...
low-power transmitterFor the purposes of determining separation between RED equipment/lines and radio frequency (RF) transmitters...
LPD, see low probability of detection (LPD)
LPI, see low probability of intercept (LPI)
LSB, see least significant bit(s)
LSBm(X)The bit string consisting of the m least significant bits of the bit string X.
LSB_s(X)The bit string consisting of the s right-most bits of the bit string X.

129 of 4,693 terms in Cybersecurity terminology (MLC-0102). Request the full dataset.