Fibrous absorbent material and methods of making the same

{
  "publication_number": "US6261679B1",
  "country": "US",
  "kind": "B1",
  "title": "Fibrous absorbent material and methods of making the same",
  "abstract": "Disclosed is a fibrous absorbent structure that is wet stable and has large void volume with a density below the critical density of the fiber employed. In one embodiment, the fibrous absorbent uses open-celled foam technologies to keep the fibrous structure expanded and bonded. In other embodiments, the resulting fibrous structure resembles an open-celled polymeric foam, with fibers serving as struts stabilized by binder material. In another embodiment, the resulting fibrous structure is filled with hydrophilic open-celled foams with the cell size substantially smaller than the fibrous pores. Such a wet-stable, high void volume fibrous absorbent can be used in a disposable product intended for the absorption of fluid such as body fluid, including extensible absorbent articles.",
  "claims": [
    "1. A method of producing an open low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers with a structuring composition to form a mixture, said structuring composition comprising a substantially latex-free binder material and a removable phase; b) producing a foam within said mixture; and c) binding said fibers together with substantially water-insoluble bonds into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material stabilizes the porous network.",
    "2. The method of claim 1, wherein said foam causes physical rearrangement of the fibers in the mixture prior to binding said fibers together.",
    "3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of physically rearranging said fibers in at least two dimensions after producing a foam.",
    "4. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of producing a foam occurs during said step of combining the fibers with the structuring composition.",
    "5. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of producing a foam comprises one of generating a fibrous froth with a high-shear mixer, injecting gas into said mixture, adding hollow spheres to said mixture, and depressurizing said mixture.",
    "6. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing a portion of said removable phase.",
    "7. The method of claim 6, wherein said step of removing the removable phase comprises releasing gas from gas bubbles within the mixture.",
    "8. The method of claim 6, wherein said step of removing the removable phase comprises removal of a liquid.",
    "9. The method of claim 6, wherein said step of removing the removable phase comprises one of critical point drying, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid treatment, and sublimation.",
    "10. The method of claim 6, wherein said step of removing the removable phase comprises evaporation.",
    "11. The method of claim 1, wherein said structuring composition comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of a hydrophilic cellulose derivative, an alginate, a hydrophobic starch derivative, and a gum.",
    "12. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture has a fiber consistency of 30% or greater and wherein the binder material comprises a protein or a polysaccharide.",
    "13. A method of producing a low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers with a structuring composition to form a mixture, said structuring composition comprising a substantially latex-free binder material and a removable phase; b) rearranging said fibers in a three-dimensional structure within said mixture; c) removing a portion of said removable phase; and d) binding said fibers together into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material forms bonds between said fibers to stabilize said porous network.",
    "14. The method of claim 13, wherein said bonds formed from said binder material are substantially water-insoluble.",
    "15. The method of claim 13, wherein said structuring composition comprises a blowing agent.",
    "16. The method of claim 13, wherein said removable phase is a liquid.",
    "17. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein the consistency of the fibers in said mixture is about 4% or higher.",
    "18. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein the density of said absorbent fibrous structure is about 0.1 g/cc or less.",
    "19. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein the density of said absorbent fibrous structure is about 0.05 g/cc or less.",
    "20. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein the removable phase is not removed by sublimation.",
    "21. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein the absorbent fibrous structure has a dry binder material mass fraction of about 0.6 or lower.",
    "22. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein the volume of the absorbent fibrous structure is at least 10% greater than the initial volume of the mixture of step (b).",
    "23. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said binding step comprises cross-linking said binder material.",
    "24. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said binding step comprises curing said binder material.",
    "25. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said binding step comprises heating said binder material.",
    "26. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition further comprises a crosslinking agent.",
    "27. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition comprises a polysaccharide.",
    "28. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of a hydrophilic cellulose derivative, an alginate, a starch, a hydrophobic starch derivative, a superabsorbent polymer, and a gum.",
    "29. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition contains less than 10% by dry weight of a polysaccharide.",
    "30. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition comprises a protein.",
    "31. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition has a bulk viscosity of about 100 centipoise or greater.",
    "32. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein less than 50% of the mass of said structuring composition is removed from said mixture in non-gaseous form.",
    "33. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition further comprises a wet strength agent and said method further comprises the step of curing said wet strength agent after the step of adding said fibers to said structuring composition.",
    "34. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition comprises an High-Internal-Phase-Ratio Emulsions (HIPE) emulsion.",
    "35. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said removable phase is a gas.",
    "36. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein the density of said porous network is about 0.05 g/cc or less.",
    "37. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said binder material comprises a polysaccharide or a protein.",
    "38. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition comprises a surfactant.",
    "39. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition is substantially free of molten thermoplastic material.",
    "40. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said structuring composition is substantially free of thermoplastic material.",
    "41. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said binder material is preferentially located at or adjacent to fiber - fiber contact points.",
    "42. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said binder material forms an open-cell foam occupying the spaces surrounded by said fibers.",
    "43. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein the mass of said binder material is less than the mass of said fibers on a dry basis.",
    "44. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein the mass of said binder material is less than about 20% of the mass of said absorbent fibrous structure.",
    "45. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said binder material forms an open-cell foam having a Cell Pore Size of about 500 microns or less.",
    "46. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said binder material is hydrophilic.",
    "47. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said fibers comprise synthetic fibers.",
    "48. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said fibers comprise papermaking fibers.",
    "49. The method of claim 48, wherein said papermaking fibers are substantially unbeaten.",
    "50. The method of claim 48, wherein said papermaking fibers have a Canadian Standard Freeness of about 200 or greater.",
    "51. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said fibers comprise about 30% or greater hardwood fibers.",
    "52. The method of claim 1 or 13, wherein said fibers comprise at least 20% high-yield papermaking fibers.",
    "53. The method of claim 6 or 13, wherein said step of binding the fibers occurs in part during said step of removing a portion of the removable phase.",
    "54. The method of claim 6 or 13, wherein said step of binding the fibers occurs in part prior to said step of removing a portion of the removable phase.",
    "55. A method of producing a low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) coating hydrophobic fibers with a hydrophilic fiber coating material; b) combining said fibers with a structuring composition comprising a substantially latex-free binder material and a removable phase to form a mixture; c) producing a foam within said mixture; and d) binding said fibers together into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material stabilizes the porous network, and wherein at least about 20% of the surface area of said hydrophobic fibers is coated with hydrophilic material.",
    "56. The method of claim 55, further comprising removing a portion of said removable phase.",
    "57. The method of claim 55, wherein at least about 50% of the surface area of said hydrophobic fibers is coated with hydrophilic material.",
    "58. A method of producing a low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers having a consistency greater than 30% with a structuring composition to form a mixture, said structuring composition comprising a non-gaseous phase and a removable phase; b) producing a foam within said mixture; and c) forming water-insoluble bonds with a binder material to bind said fibers together into a continuous, porous structure.",
    "59. The method of claim 58, wherein said binder material comprises a wet strength resin.",
    "60. The method of claim 58, wherein said structuring composition further comprises a precursor binder material, and wherein said step of forming water-insoluble bonds comprises converting said precursor binder material to a binder material.",
    "61. The method of claim 60, wherein converting said precursor binder material to a binder material comprises one of adding a chemical agent, elevating the temperature of the precursor binder material, and applying radiation.",
    "62. The method of claim 58, wherein a liquid impervious skin forms on a portion of the outer surface of said absorbent fibrous structure.",
    "63. The method of claim 62, further comprising the step of creating openings in said skin.",
    "64. The absorbent fibrous structure made according to any of claims 1, 13, and 58.",
    "65. The absorbent fibrous structure made according to any of claims 1, 13, and 58 having a Wet Bulk of about 10 cc/g or greater.",
    "66. A disposable absorbent article comprising the low-density absorbent fibrous structure made according to any of claims 1, 13, and 58.",
    "67. A method for producing a continuous absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers having a consistency greater than 30% with a structuring composition comprising a binder material and a removable phase to form a mixture; b) generating a foam within said mixture; c) depositing said foam on a moving belt to form a foamed layer without substantial drainage of said structuring composition from said layer; and d) curing said foamed layer to form an absorbent fibrous structure.",
    "68. The method of claim 58 or 67, wherein the binder is substantially latex-free.",
    "69. A method for producing a continuous absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) forming an air-laid mat of fiberized hydrophilic fibers on a moving belt to form a fibrous mat; b) impregnating said mat with a foamable structuring composition comprising a substantially latex free binder material and a removable phase; c) rearranging said fibers in said mat through the action of said structuring composition to create a restructured layer; and (d) forming water-insoluble bonds in said restructured layer to form an absorbent fibrous structure.",
    "70. The method of claim 67 or 69 further comprising one of embossing, calendering, or perforating said absorbent fibrous structure.",
    "71. The method of claims 55, 58, 67, or 69, wherein the absorbent fibrous structure has a density of about 0.05 g/cc or less.",
    "72. The method of claims 1, 13, 58, or 67, wherein the hydrophilic fibers are dry.",
    "73. A method of producing an open low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers with a structuring composition to form a mixture, said structuring composition comprising a binder material and a removable phase; b) producing a foam within said mixture; c) removing a portion of said removable phase by one of melting or decomposition of a solid; and d) binding said fibers together with substantially water-insoluble bonds into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material stabilizes the porous network.",
    "74. A method of producing a low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers with a structuring composition to form a mixture, said structuring composition comprising a binder material and a removable phase; b) rearranging said fibers in a three-dimensional structure within said mixture; c) removing a portion of said removable phase, wherein said removable phase is a solid; and d) binding said fibers together into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material forms bonds between said fibers to stabilize said porous network.",
    "75. A method of producing an open low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers with a latex-free structuring composition to form a mixture, said structuring composition comprising a binder material and a removable phase; b) producing a foam within said mixture; and c) binding said fibers together with substantially water-insoluble bonds into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material stabilizes the porous network.",
    "76. A method of producing a low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers with a latex-free structuring composition to form a mixture, said structuring composition comprising a binder material and a removable phase; b) rearranging said fibers in a three-dimensional structure within said mixture; c) removing a portion of said removable phase; and d) binding said fibers together into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material forms bonds between said fibers to stabilize said porous network.",
    "77. The method of any one of claims 75 to 76, wherein the density of the absorbent fibrous structure is about 0.1 g/cc or less.",
    "78. The method of any one of claims 75 to 76, wherein the density of the absorbent fibrous structure is about 0.05 g/cc or less.",
    "79. A method of producing an open low-density absorbent fibrous structure having a density of about 0.05 g/cc or less comprising: e) combining hydrophilic fibers with a substantially latex-free structuring composition to form a mixture, said structuring composition comprising a binder material and a removable phase; f) producing a foam within said mixture; and g) binding said fibers together with substantially water-insoluble bonds into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material stabilizes the porous network.",
    "80. The method of any of claims 75, 76 and 79, wherein said structuring composition comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of a hydrophilic cellulose derivative, an alginate, a starch, a protein, a hydrophobic starch derivative, a superabsorbent polymer, and a gum.",
    "81. The method of claims 1, 13, or 79, wherein the absorbent fibrous structure has a density of about 0.03 g/cc or less.",
    "82. A method of producing an open low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers with a structuring composition to form a mixture, the hydrophilic fibers having a consistency of either about 4% or less or greater than 30%; said structuring composition comprising a binder material and a removable phase; b) producing a foam within said mixture; and c) binding said fibers together with substantially water-insoluble bonds into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material stabilizes the porous network.",
    "83. The method of claim 82, wherein the hydrophilic fibers are dry.",
    "84. A method for producing a continuous absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining dry hydrophilic fibers with a structuring composition comprising a binder material and a removable phase to form a mixture; b) generating a foam within said mixture; c) depositing said foam on a moving belt to form a foamed layer without substantial drainage of said structuring composition from said layer; and d) curing said foamed layer to form an absorbent fibrous structure.",
    "85. A method of producing an open low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers with a structuring composition to form a mixture, said structuring composition comprising a substantially latex free binder material and a removable phase; b) producing a foam within said mixture; c) binding said fibers together with substantially water-insoluble bonds into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material stabilizes the porous network, wherein said step of producing a foam comprises generating a gas by one of a chemical reaction within said mixture and the action of a blowing agent.",
    "86. A method of producing a low-density absorbent fibrous structure comprising: a) combining hydrophilic fibers having a consistency greater than about 30% with a structuring composition to form a mixture, said structuring composition comprising a binder material and a removable phase comprising a blowing agent; b) rearranging said fibers in a three-dimensional structure within said mixture; c) removing a portion of said removable phase; and d) binding said fibers together into a continuous, porous network, wherein said binder material forms bonds between said fibers to stabilize said porous network.",
    "87. A method for producing a continuous absorbent fibrous structure comprising: (a) forming an air-laid mat of fiberized hydrophilic fibers on a moving belt to form a fibrous mat; (b) impregnating said mat with a foamable structuring composition comprising a substantially latex free binder material and a removable phase, wherein the impregnated mat prior to forming water insoluble bonds has a consistency of 30% or greater; (c) rearranging said fibers in said mat through the action of said structuring composition to create a restructured layer; and (d) forming water-insoluble bonds in said restructured layer to form an absorbent fibrous structure."
  ],
  "description_excerpt": "In the manufacture of absorbent articles, it is desirable to employ materials having high void volume, a hydrophilic nature, and wet resiliency, or the ability to maintain void volume when wet and when under load. Traditional fluff pulp and creped tissue offer high void volume and are hydrophilic, but they collapse when wetted, especially if a load is applied. Wet laid materials in general suffer from high density due to the largely two-dimensional, planar arrangement of fibers. Air laid materials can have high bulk, but are limited in their stability and resiliency and still have definite limits in porosity and bulk.\n\nMany nonwoven materials made from long synthetic fibers offer high void volume and wet resiliency, but lack inherent hydrophilicity. The fibers can be treated with surfactants or other additives to increase the hydrophilicity of the structure, but such processes are expensive and do not provide the same level of affinity for water offered by cellulose or other hydrophilic polymers. Open cell plastics or plastic foams, also referred to as expanded or sponge plastics, can offer very high void volume and wet resiliency, but suffer the same problem of lacking inherent hydrophilicity and have high cost. Foams made of hydrophilic materials, such as superabsorbent foams, offer the ability to absorb and retain liquids, but can suffer from poor wet resiliency or high cost. Fiber reinforced foams are known wherein fibers are added to increase the strength of a foam matrix, but such materials are generally hydrophobic and lack the high-bulk, absorbent attributes desired of an absorbent article.",
  "cpc": [
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  "ipc": [
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  "assignees": [
    "Kimberly Clark Worldwide Inc"
  ],
  "inventors": [
    "Fung-Jou Chen",
    "Jeffrey Dean Lindsay",
    "Jian Qin",
    "Yong Li"
  ],
  "filing_date": "1998-05-22",
  "publication_date": "2001-07-17",
  "grant_date": "2001-07-17",
  "priority_date": "1998-05-22",
  "application_number": "US-8387398-A",
  "family_id": "22181213",
  "cited_by_count": 1288,
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