Barley smut

{
  "id": "MLC-T-IND-000430",
  "term": "Barley smut",
  "field": "Industrial and trades",
  "definition": "A group of fungal diseases affecting barley, primarily caused by species of Ustilago, which replace the grain kernels with black, powdery spore masses. Common types include loose smut and covered smut, each with distinct symptoms and life cycles. These diseases reduce yield and grain quality, and are managed through seed treatments and resistant cultivars.",
  "subject": "Agricultural equipment",
  "references": [
    "Loose smut of barley and oats (University of Maine Cooperative Extension)"
  ],
  "translations": {
    "de": "Gerstenflugbrand",
    "es": "carbón de la cebada",
    "fr": "charbon nu de l'orge"
  },
  "url": "https://mlchart.com/terminology/industrial/barley-smut/"
}