Velopharyngeal insufficiency

{
  "id": "MLC-T-CHM-012537",
  "term": "Velopharyngeal insufficiency",
  "field": "Chemistry",
  "definition": "A structural or functional disorder where the velopharyngeal sphincter fails to close completely during speech. This incomplete closure allows air to escape through the nasal cavity, resulting in hypernasal speech resonance and audible nasal air emission. The condition is frequently associated with a history of cleft palate, even after surgical repair, or with certain neuromuscular disorders.",
  "synonyms": [
    "velopharyngeal incompetence"
  ],
  "subject": "Chemistry and Human Health",
  "see_also": [
    "cleft palate",
    "sphincter"
  ],
  "references": [
    "PAC, 2016, 88, 713. 'Glossary of terms used in developmental and reproductive toxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)' on page 819 (https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-1202)"
  ],
  "url": "https://mlchart.com/terminology/chemistry/velopharyngeal-insufficiency/"
}