Chemistry terminology · MLC-0109

Chemistry terms: V (163)

• V centresA type of colour centre in an alkali halide crystal consisting of a hole trapped at a cation vacancy. These...
• VaccinationThe administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop protective...
• VaccineA biological preparation containing antigens that stimulate an immune response in an organism, conferring...
• VacuoleA membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, appearing as a fluid-filled sac. In...
• Vacuum levelThe energy level of an electron at rest just outside a solid surface, with zero kinetic energy relative to...
• Vacuum level at infinityThe potential energy of an electron that is infinitely far away from a material surface and at rest. This...
• Vacuum level referencingA way of fixing the zero of the kinetic energy scale in electron spectroscopy at the energy of a motionless...
• Vacuum phototubeA photoemissive detector consisting of a photocathode and an anode enclosed within an evacuated glass...
• Vacuum systemAn assembly of components designed to create and maintain a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure within a...
• VaginaA muscular, elastic canal that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body in female mammals. It...
• Vaginal cornificationThe process of keratinization and desquamation of the epithelial cells lining the vagina, particularly...
• Vaginal patencyThe state of the vaginal opening being open and unobstructed, allowing for the passage of menstrual flow or...
• Vaginal smearA diagnostic technique involving the collection and microscopic examination of cells from the vaginal...
• Vagus nerveThe tenth cranial nerve (CN X), which is the longest and most complex of the cranial nerves, originating in...
• Vα-Jα rearrangementA genetic recombination process occurring during T-cell development in the thymus, where variable (V) and...
• ValenceThe combining capacity of an atom or a group of atoms, representing the number of chemical bonds it can form...
• Valence bandThe band of allowed electron energies in a solid that lies highest among those completely filled with...
• Valence bond theoryA quantum mechanical model that describes chemical bonding as the overlap of atomic orbitals, forming...
• Valence isomerA constitutional isomer that can be interconverted with another through a pericyclic reaction, involving the...
• Valence tautomerizationA specific type of isomerization involving the rapid and reversible interconversion of valence isomers. This...
• Valence transitionA phase transition in a solid material characterized by a change in the average valence state of one of its...
• Valence-band spectrumA plot of the intensity of emitted electrons as a function of their kinetic energy or binding energy...
• ValidationDocumented confirmation, resting on objective evidence, that a method, process or system meets the...
• Validation setA subset of data used to evaluate the performance of a machine learning model during its development, after...
• ValidityHow far the conclusions drawn from a study can be trusted, especially when they are generalized beyond the...
• Validity of a measurementThe extent to which a measurement procedure correctly assesses the specific property it is intended to...
• ValueThe magnitude of a quantity as it is normally written, a number multiplied by a unit. The number is called...
• Value of a divisionThe change in the quantity being measured that causes the pointer or indicator of an analog measuring...
• Van der Waals forcesThe non-covalent attractions and repulsions between molecules or other molecular entities, leaving out bond...
• Vapor depositionA process for creating thin films or coatings by condensing a vaporized material onto a substrate. This...
• Vaporization temperatureThe temperature of the atomization surface in electrothermal atomization at which loss of analyte by...
• Vapour phase interferenceAn atomic spectrometry interference arising when the proportion of analyte that is dissociated, ionized or...
• VariableA quantity or characteristic that can assume any one of a set of values. In chemical analysis, variables can...
• Variable geneA segment of DNA that encodes the variable region of an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor protein. These...
• Variable regionThe portion of an antibody or T-cell receptor protein that exhibits high sequence variability and is...
• VarianceA measure of dispersion equal to the square of the standard deviation. For a sample it is the sum of squared...
• Variance scalingA data preprocessing technique in chemometrics where each variable in a dataset is divided by its standard...
• Variational transition state theoryAn extension of conventional transition state theory that seeks to find the dividing surface in phase space...
• Vas deferensA pair of muscular tubes in the male reproductive system that transport sperm from the epididymis to the...
• Vascular addressinA type of cell adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of endothelial cells lining blood vessels in...
• VasculitisInflammation of the blood vessels, which can affect arteries, veins, or capillaries of any size and in any...
• VasculogenesisThe process of de novo formation of blood vessels from angioblasts, which are precursor endothelial cells...
• VasectomyA surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception. It involves cutting, sealing, or...
• Vasoactive amineA class of biogenic amines that exert a direct effect on the tone of blood vessels, causing either...
• VasoconstrictionThe narrowing of blood vessels, resulting from the contraction of the muscular walls of the vessels...
• VasodilationThe widening of blood vessels, which results from the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells within the vessel...
• VasodilatorA substance, whether endogenous or exogenous, that causes the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells within...
• VasopressinA peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, primarily known...
• VasopressorAn agent or drug that induces vasoconstriction, the narrowing of blood vessels, which leads to an increase in...
• VasorelaxationThe widening of blood vessels, resulting from the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells within the vessel...
• VasospasmA sudden, intense, and prolonged constriction of a blood vessel, which significantly reduces or completely...
• V(D)J recombinationA somatic recombination process that randomly assembles gene segments encoding the variable regions of T cell...
• VectorA DNA molecule, such as a plasmid or virus, used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material...
• Vector scanA method of pattern generation in lithography where an electron or laser beam is directed to draw the desired...
• VehicleAn inert substance, often a liquid, used to dissolve, suspend, or carry an active chemical agent or drug. It...
• VelocityA vector quantity that describes the rate of change of an object's position with respect to time, including...
• Velopharyngeal insufficiencyA structural or functional disorder where the velopharyngeal sphincter fails to close completely during...
• Vena cavaEither of the two largest veins in the body that return deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to...
• VenomA complex mixture of toxins, enzymes, and other biologically active compounds produced by certain animals...
• VentilationThe process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment...
• VentricleA hollow, fluid-filled cavity within an organ, particularly the brain or heart. In the brain, the four...
• Ventricular fibrillationA severe cardiac arrhythmia characterized by rapid, uncoordinated, and ineffective contractions of the...
• Ventricular septal defectA congenital heart condition characterized by an opening in the septum, the wall separating the heart's lower...
• Ventriculo-atrial shuntA surgically implanted tube used to treat hydrocephalus by diverting excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a...
• VentriculogramAn X-ray image of the brain's ventricular system produced after the injection of a contrast agent directly...
• VentriculomegalyAn abnormal enlargement of the cerebral ventricles, which are fluid-filled cavities within the brain. This...
• Ventriculo-peritoneal shuntA medical device that treats hydrocephalus by draining excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a brain...
• Verdazyl radicalsA family of stable, delocalised organic free radicals built on the 1,2,4,5-tetrazine skeleton, in which a...
• VerificationConfirmation, backed by objective evidence, that an item meets requirements that were specified beforehand...
• VermicideA chemical agent that kills parasitic worms, particularly those inhabiting the intestines. These substances...
• VermisThe narrow, worm-like structure located at the midline of the cerebellum, connecting its two hemispheres...
• VertebraAn individual bone segment that forms the spinal column, providing structural support and protection for the...
• Vertebral columnThe flexible column of bones (vertebrae) extending from the skull to the pelvis, enclosing the spinal cord...
• VertebrateAn animal characterized by the possession of a backbone or spinal column, which encloses the spinal cord...
• Vertical ionizationAn ionization process where the geometry of the molecule remains unchanged during the removal of an electron...
• VertigoA specific type of dizziness characterized by a sensation that either the external world is spinning around...
• Verwey transitionA first-order phase transition observed in magnetite (Fe3O4) at approximately 120 K, characterized by a sharp...
• Very early activating antigenA cell surface molecule expressed on lymphocytes shortly after activation, serving as an indicator of recent...
• Very late activation antigenA member of the integrin family of cell adhesion molecules, expressed on the surface of T lymphocytes and...
• VesicantA chemical agent that induces severe irritation and blistering on exposed surfaces of the body, including the...
• VesicleA small, membrane-enclosed sac within the cytoplasm of a cell, used for storing or transporting substances...
• Vesicle polymerisationA polymerization process that occurs within the confined environment of vesicles, which are self-assembled...
• VestigialRelating to an anatomical structure that has become rudimentary or functionless in the course of evolution...
• VetoingA mechanism of immune tolerance in which a veto cell that carries a self peptide on its MHC molecules kills...
• ViabilityThe capability of a cell, organism, or fetus to live, grow, and develop independently after being removed...
• Viability selectionA type of natural selection where individuals with certain traits have a higher probability of survival to...
• Vibrational circular dichroismA spectroscopic technique that measures the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized...
• Vibrational eigenvectorA mathematical vector that describes the displacement of atoms in a molecule during a specific normal mode of...
• Vibrational kinetic energyThe energy associated with the motion of atoms within a molecule as they oscillate around their equilibrium...
• Vibrational potential energyThe energy stored in the bonds of a molecule due to the displacement of atoms from their equilibrium...
• Vibrational redistributionThe process by which vibrational energy initially localized in one mode of a molecule spreads to other...
• Vibrational relaxationThe process by which a molecule in an excited vibrational state loses its excess vibrational energy...
• Vibrational spectroscopyA branch of spectroscopy that studies the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the vibrational modes...
• Vibrational termA component of the total energy of a molecule that corresponds to its vibrational motion. It is expressed as...
• Vibrational term valueA quantity representing the energy of a specific vibrational state of a molecule, expressed in units of...
• Vibronic couplingThe interaction between the electronic motion and the nuclear vibrational motion within a molecule. This...
• Vibronic transitionA transition that involves a simultaneous change in both the electronic and vibrational energy states of a...
• Vicat softening temperatureThe temperature at which a flat-ended needle of a specified cross-section penetrates a polymer specimen to a...
• VidiconA type of television camera tube used as a multichannel detector in spectroscopy, consisting of an electron...
• VigilanceA state of sustained attention and readiness to detect and respond to specific, infrequent, and unpredictable...
• Vigilance decrementThe progressive decline in the ability to maintain sustained attention and detect target stimuli during a...
• VillusA small, finger-like projection extending from the surface of a mucous membrane, particularly abundant in the...
• VimentinAn intermediate filament protein found in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells, particularly those of...
• Vinyl carbenesCarbenes in which the divalent carbon atom is directly attached to a carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double...
• Vinyl polymerA polymer made from a monomer that carries the vinyl group CH2=CH-, so each repeat in its chain has the form...
• Vinylic cationsCarbocations of the form R2C=C+-R, in which the positively charged carbon is one end of a carbon-carbon...
• Vinylic groupsA class of groups in which a substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of a carbon-carbon double...
• Vinylidene polymerA polymer formed by the addition polymerization of vinylidene monomers, which contain a carbon-carbon double...
• VinylidenesA class of carbenes having the structure R₂C=C:, where a divalent carbon atom is double bonded to another...
• ViologensDerivatives of 4,4'-bipyridine, specifically the diquaternary salts formed from the N,N'-dialkylation of the...
• v-ionA fragment ion carrying the C-terminal part of a protonated peptide, formed in high-energy collisions, that...
• Virial coefficientsCoefficients in the virial expansion, which is a power series used to express the deviation of a real gas...
• VirilizationThe development of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female, or the precocious development of such...
• Virtual chemical libraryA computational collection of chemical structures that do not physically exist but can be generated or...
• Virtual reactionA theoretical chemical transformation that is not necessarily experimentally feasible but is used in...
• Virtual screeningA computational methodology employed in drug discovery to identify potential drug candidates by evaluating...
• Virtual transitionA liquid-crystal transition lying below the crystallisation temperature of the pure compound, so it never...
• Virtually safe doseA calculated dose of a substance that corresponds to a very low, predetermined level of risk, such as one...
• VirucideA chemical or physical agent that deactivates or destroys viruses, rendering them incapable of infection...
• VisceraThe internal organs located within the major body cavities, particularly the abdomen and thorax. This...
• Viscoelastic spectrumA representation of the distribution of relaxation times or retardation times within a viscoelastic material...
• Viscosity functionA mathematical relationship that describes how the viscosity of a polymer solution or melt changes with the...
• Viscosity-average molar massA type of average molar mass for a polymer sample, determined from intrinsic viscosity measurements. It is...
• Viscous sinteringA sintering mechanism in which an amorphous material, such as glass powder, a gel or an amorphous polymer...
• VisibilityThe maximum distance at which an observer can clearly discern an object or light source in the atmosphere...
• VisibleThe region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is perceptible to the human eye, corresponding to wavelengths...
• Visual cortexThe region of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing visual information received from the retina...
• Vital ratesQuantitative measures that describe the demographic processes within a population, such as birth rates, death...
• VitellogeninA precursor protein to egg yolk, synthesized in the liver of oviparous (egg-laying) vertebrates, including...
• VitrificationThe process by which a liquid or a polymer melt transforms into a glassy, amorphous solid upon cooling...
• Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equationAn empirical equation that describes the temperature dependence of the relaxation time or viscosity of...
• Voigt functionA mathematical function that describes a spectral line shape resulting from the convolution of a Gaussian...
• Volatile organic chemical/compoundsOrganic compounds that readily evaporate at room temperature and atmospheric pressure due to their low...
• VolatilizationThe process by which a substance changes from a liquid or solid phase into a gaseous phase. This can occur...
• VolatilizerAn additive mixed into a sample in atomic spectrometry to raise the fraction of analyte, or of another...
• VoltThe SI derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force. It...
• VoltageThe electric potential difference between two points in an electrical circuit, representing the work required...
• Voltage-activated channelAn ion channel protein embedded in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to changes in the...
• Voltage-gated ion channelA transmembrane protein that forms a pore allowing specific ions to pass through the cell membrane, with its...
• Voltammetric constantA proportionality constant used in linear-sweep voltammetry that relates the peak current to several...
• VoltammetryAn electrochemical analytical technique that measures the current as a function of applied potential in an...
• VoltammogramA graphical representation of the current response as a function of the applied potential in a voltammetric...
• Volume contentA clinical chemistry quantity found by taking the volume occupied by one isolated component and dividing it...
• Volume flow rateThe volume of fluid that passes through a given cross-sectional area per unit of time. This measure...
• Volume fractionThe ratio of the volume of a specific component to the total volume of a mixture or solution. It is a...
• Volume of activationThe change in volume that occurs when reactants form the transition state in a chemical reaction. It is...
• Volume of distributionA pharmacokinetic parameter that relates the total amount of drug in the body to the concentration of the...
• Volume of the stationary phaseThe volume of the liquid stationary phase, or of an active solid or gel, inside a chromatographic column...
• Volume reflectionThe reflection of electromagnetic radiation that occurs within the bulk of a material, rather than solely at...
• Volume strainThe fractional change in volume of a material when subjected to stress. It is a dimensionless quantity...
• Volume thermodilatometryA technique for measuring changes in the volume of a material as a function of temperature. It involves...
• Volume viscosityA coefficient that describes a fluid's resistance to isotropic compression or expansion, distinct from its...
• Volume yieldThe volume of material sputtered from a sample divided by the number of incident particles, expressed for...
• Volume-average particle diameterThe mean particle diameter obtained by averaging the cubes of the diameters over all particles, weighted by...
• Volumetric flowrateThe volume of fluid passing through a given cross-sectional area per unit of time. This measurement...
• Volumetric internal standardA compound added to a gas chromatography sample solution at a fixed, reproducible amount so that uncontrolled...
• Volumetric titrationA quantitative analytical method where the concentration of an analyte in a solution is determined by...
• VolumicAn adjective used to indicate that an extensive quantity is being expressed per unit volume. For example...
• Von Weimarn ratioThe relative supersaturation of a solution during precipitation, calculated as the difference between Q and S...
• VulcanizationA chemical process that converts natural rubber or other elastomers into more durable materials by forming...
• VulnerabilityThe intrinsic susceptibility of an organism, population, or ecosystem to adverse effects from exposure to a...
• VulvaThe external female genital organs, comprising the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the vestibule of...
• VUVUltraviolet radiation with wavelengths shorter than approximately 200 nanometers, extending down to about 10...

163 of 13,676 terms in Chemistry terminology (MLC-0109). Request the full dataset.