Chemistry terminology · MLC-0109

Chemistry terms: F (439)

• F centresColor centers in ionic crystals, consisting of an electron trapped in an anion vacancy. These defects absorb...
• F1 generationThe first filial generation of offspring resulting from a cross between two distinct parental organisms (the...
• Fab fragmentA monovalent antigen-binding fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule, produced by papain digestion. This...
• F(ab')2 fragmentA bivalent antigen-binding fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule, produced by pepsin digestion below the...
• Fac-A stereodescriptor used in coordination chemistry to denote a facial arrangement of three identical ligands...
• Facial cleftA congenital malformation characterized by an opening or gap in the facial structures, resulting from...
• FaciesThe characteristic facial appearance of an individual, the features of which are associated with a specific...
• Facilitated diffusionA type of passive transport across a biological membrane where substances move down their electrochemical...
• FacilitationAn increase in the amplitude of a postsynaptic potential or a postsynaptic current in response to successive...
• FactorA numerical quantity that expresses the relationship between two other quantities, often used to convert...
• Factor analysisA statistical technique employed to simplify complex datasets by identifying underlying, unobserved variables...
• Factor levelA specific setting or value chosen for an independent variable, known as a factor, in an experimental design...
• Fallopian tubeA pair of muscular tubes extending from the uterus to the ovaries, serving as the pathway for ova to travel...
• FalloutThe deposition of particulate matter from the atmosphere onto the Earth's surface, particularly referring to...
• False negativeA result from a test or classification model that incorrectly indicates the absence of a condition or...
• False positiveA result from a test or classification model that incorrectly indicates the presence of a condition or...
• FalxA sickle-shaped fold of dura mater, a tough membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The falx...
• Familial cold autoinflammatory syndromeA rare, inherited autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, rash, and joint pain...
• Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosisA rare, inherited immune disorder characterized by uncontrolled activation and proliferation of lymphocytes...
• FanningA pattern of smoke plume dispersion from a chimney that occurs under stable atmospheric conditions, typically...
• FaradThe SI unit of electrical capacitance, defined as one coulomb per volt (C/V). A capacitor has a capacitance...
• Faradaic currentThe component of the total current in an electrochemical cell that results from electron transfer across the...
• Faradaic current densityThe electric current per unit area of an electrode surface that results from electron transfer reactions...
• Faradaic demodulation currentA component of the alternating current observed in certain electrochemical techniques, arising from the...
• Faradaic rectification currentA direct current component that arises when an alternating potential is applied to an electrode, causing a...
• Faraday constantThe magnitude of electric charge per mole of elementary charges, symbolized as F. It is the product of two...
• Faraday cup collectorA device used in mass spectrometry and other vacuum systems to measure the intensity of an ion or electron...
• Faraday’s laws of electrolysisTwo fundamental principles governing the quantitative aspects of electrolysis. The first law states that the...
• Farmer’s lungA hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by repeated inhalation of dust from moldy hay or other agricultural...
• FasA transmembrane protein that functions as a death receptor on the surface of cells, also designated as CD95...
• FasciculationA small, involuntary muscle twitch visible under the skin, resulting from the spontaneous discharge of a...
• Fast atom bombardment ionizationAn ionization technique in mass spectrometry where a beam of high-energy neutral atoms, such as xenon or...
• Fast coagulation rateA rapid rate at which dispersed particles in a colloidal system aggregate to form larger clusters, leading to...
• Fast coagulation rate coefficientA measure of the speed at which particles in a colloidal dispersion aggregate irreversibly when attractive...
• Fast field cycling NMR relaxometryA nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique that measures spin-lattice relaxation rates as a function of the...
• Fast followerA company or product that quickly enters a market after a pioneering innovator has established the initial...
• Fast ion bombardmentA soft ionization technique for mass spectrometry where a high-energy beam of ions, such as xenon or cesium...
• Fast neutronsNeutrons possessing high kinetic energy, typically above 0.1 MeV, which are produced during nuclear reactions...
• Fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometryA soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry to analyze non-volatile, thermally labile, or high...
• Fast-atom bombardment secondary ion mass spectrometryA surface analysis technique that combines fast-atom bombardment (FAB) for sample ionization with secondary...
• Fast-dissolving tabletA solid oral dosage form formulated to disintegrate or dissolve rapidly in the saliva of the oral cavity...
• FateThe ultimate disposition of a chemical substance after its release into the environment. This encompasses all...
• FatigueThe decrease in the efficiency of a photochromic system or a luminescent material upon repeated cycles of...
• Fatty acylsA major category of lipids that are derivatives of fatty acids. This class includes molecules containing a...
• Fc fragmentThe crystallizable fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule, located at the C-terminal end of the heavy chains...
• Fc receptorA protein present on the surface of certain immune cells that binds to the Fc fragment, or tail region, of an...
• Fd fragmentA proteolytic fragment of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, consisting of the variable region and the first...
• Feasibility studyAn investigation that evaluates the technical, economic, and regulatory viability of proposed remediation...
• FecundationThe successful fusion of a male gamete (sperm) with a female gamete (ovum) to form a zygote, initiating the...
• FecundityThe physiological potential of an organism or population to reproduce, measured as the quantity of gametes...
• Fecundity selectionA form of natural selection where individuals with higher reproductive output contribute more offspring to...
• FeedThe material introduced into a separation or extraction process. It consists of the mixture of components...
• Feed rateThe quantity of reactant material introduced into a chemical reactor or processing unit per unit of time...
• FeedbackThe process of returning a fraction of the output of a system or process to the input, often for control or...
• Feed-back inhibitionA cellular control mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme...
• Female fertilityThe ability of a female organism to conceive and produce viable offspring. This complex biological capacity...
• Female fertility indexA quantitative measure used to assess the reproductive potential of a female, often expressed as the number...
• FeminizationThe development of female secondary sexual characteristics in a male organism, or the accentuation of such...
• FemtoA prefix in the International System of Units (SI) denoting a factor of 10^-15. It is used to form decimal...
• FenestranesPolycyclic compounds characterized by a central carbon atom that is common to four rings, forming a structure...
• Fenton reactionA chemical reaction involving the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by iron(II) ions, producing...
• FermentationA metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as sugar or starch, into an alcohol or...
• FermenterA bioreactor designed to provide an optimal environment for microbial growth and metabolic activity...
• FermiA unit of length equal to one femtometer (fm), which is 10⁻¹⁵ meters. This unit is primarily used in nuclear...
• Fermi energyThe highest occupied energy level by electrons in a solid at absolute zero temperature (0 K). It represents...
• Fermi levelThe thermodynamic potential of electrons in a material, representing the energy level at which there is a 50%...
• Fermi level referencingA method for calibrating the binding energy scale in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and other surface...
• Fermi level splittingThe separation of the quasi-Fermi levels for electrons and holes in a semiconductor under non-equilibrium...
• Fermi resonanceA spectroscopic phenomenon where two vibrational energy levels of similar energy and symmetry interact...
• FerrocenophanesMetallocene derivatives where one or more bridging units connect the cyclopentadienyl ligands of a ferrocene...
• Ferroelastic transitionA phase transition in a material where a spontaneous strain appears below the transition temperature, which...
• Ferroelectric polymerA polymer that exhibits a spontaneous, stable electric polarization that can be reversed by applying an...
• Ferroelectric transitionA phase transition in a material where a spontaneous electric polarization appears below the transition...
• Ferroic transitionA phase transition in a material that results in the appearance of a spontaneous tensor property, such as...
• Ferromagnetic polymerA polymeric material that exhibits spontaneous magnetization in the absence of an external magnetic field...
• FertileDescribing a nuclide that is not itself fissile but becomes fissile after capturing one or more neutrons. The...
• Fertilisation effectAn increase in the growth rate or productivity of organisms, populations, or ecosystems due to an enhanced...
• FertiliserAny material, natural or synthetic, applied to soil or plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients...
• FertilityThe physiological capacity of an individual or a mating pair to conceive and produce offspring. It...
• Fertility Assessment by Continuous BreedingA reproductive toxicity study design that evaluates the effects of a substance on the fertility and...
• Fertility toxicantA chemical substance that causes adverse effects on the reproductive capabilities of a sexually mature male...
• FertilizationThe fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, initiating the development of a new organism. This...
• Fetal alcohol syndromeA collection of severe and irreversible birth defects and developmental abnormalities in a child, caused by...
• Fetal anatomic positionThe orientation of the developing organism within the uterus, typically described relative to the mother's...
• Fetal antigensCell surface proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates that are expressed during fetal development but are...
• Fetal poleThe first visible sign of a developing embryo during an ultrasound examination, appearing as a thickening...
• Fetal toleranceThe immunological state that prevents the maternal immune system from mounting a destructive response against...
• FetoscopyA minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that involves inserting a thin, fiber-optic...
• FetotoxicityThe adverse effects of a chemical substance on the developing fetus, which may include growth retardation...
• FetusThe developing offspring in viviparous animals, including humans, from the completion of embryonic...
• f-functional branch pointA monomer unit within a polymer network that has 'f' reactive sites, allowing it to connect to 'f' other...
• Fibre formatA configuration for solid-phase extraction where the sorbent material is coated onto or incorporated into a...
• Fibrillar morphologyA structural arrangement within a polymer material characterized by elongated, thread-like or fiber-like...
• FibrillationA rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of individual muscle fibers, which does not produce...
• FibrinolysisThe enzymatic process that dissolves fibrin clots, preventing them from growing and obstructing blood flow...
• FibrinolyticRelating to substances or processes that promote the breakdown of fibrin, the protein forming the meshwork of...
• Fibroblast growth factorA family of cell-signaling proteins involved in a multitude of cellular processes, including cell...
• FibrosisThe formation of excessive fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue, often as a reparative or reactive...
• Fibrous activated carbonA form of activated carbon produced as fibers, characterized by a high surface area and a porous structure...
• Fibrous crystal in polymersA type of polymer crystal characterized by a highly oriented, elongated structure where polymer chains are...
• Fiducial limitThe confidence interval for a parameter estimate, often used in statistical analysis to express the precision...
• Field desorptionAn ionization technique in mass spectrometry where a strong electric field is applied to a sample deposited...
• Field effectThe influence of a substituent on the reactivity or physical properties of a molecule through space, without...
• Field ionizationAn ionization technique in mass spectrometry that involves applying a very high electric field to a gas-phase...
• Field levelA logarithmic measure of a field quantity, such as electric field strength or sound pressure, expressed...
• Field-effect transistorA semiconductor device that controls the flow of current between two electrodes, the source and the drain, by...
• Field-flow fractionationA separation technique that fractionates macromolecules and particles based on their differential movement in...
• Field-free regionA section within a mass spectrometer where ions travel without being subjected to external electric or...
• Field-induced migrationThe movement of charged species within a material or across an interface due to the application of an...
• Fill factorThe ratio of the maximum power output of a solar cell to the product of its open-circuit voltage and...
• FillerA substance added to a material, such as a polymer or composite, to improve its physical properties, reduce...
• Filler cokeA type of coke used as a particulate component in the manufacture of carbon artifacts, such as electrodes or...
• Filling solutionAn electrolyte solution used to fill the internal compartment of an indicator electrode or a reference...
• FilmA phase of matter, typically liquid or solid, that is bounded by at least two interfaces, with one or both...
• Film badgeA personal dosimeter consisting of a small piece of photographic film encased in a light-tight holder, worn...
• Film elementA component of a thin film system, referring to a distinct layer within a multi-layered film structure. Each...
• Film tensionThe force acting tangentially per unit length in the surface of a thin film, such as a soap bubble, tending...
• FilterA porous medium or device used to separate solid particles from a fluid (liquid or gas) by allowing the fluid...
• Filter spectrometerAn optical instrument that uses optical filters to select specific wavelengths or wavelength ranges for...
• FiltrationThe physical process of separating suspended solid particles from a fluid by passing the mixture through a...
• Final acute valueA statistically derived concentration of a chemical that is protective of aquatic organisms from acute...
• Final chronic valueAn estimate of the concentration of a substance corresponding to the maximum acceptable toxicant...
• Final energy stateThe energy level or configuration of a system, such as an atom or molecule, after it has undergone a...
• Finding of no significant impactA determination made by a government agency that a proposed action will not have a significant effect on the...
• Fine structure constantA dimensionless physical constant, denoted by the Greek letter alpha (α), that characterizes the strength of...
• FinesseA dimensionless quantity that characterizes the sharpness of the resonance peaks in an optical resonator...
• Finger tapping testA neurobehavioral test used to assess fine motor control and coordination, often employed in neurotoxicology...
• FingerprintA unique pattern of physicochemical properties or spectroscopic data that characterizes a specific chemical...
• Fingerprint bandsAbsorption or scattering bands in an infrared or Raman spectrum that are characteristic of the overall...
• Fingerprint regionA specific range of wavenumbers in an infrared or Raman spectrum, generally between 1500 cm⁻¹ and 400 cm⁻¹...
• FingerprintingAn analytical approach that involves generating a characteristic pattern or profile from a complex sample...
• Finite rate of increaseA measure of population growth over a discrete time interval, representing the multiplicative factor by which...
• First line of defenceThe initial, non-specific barriers and responses of the immune system that prevent the entry and...
• First stability regionA specific operating regime in a Paul ion trap or quadrupole mass spectrometer where ions of a particular...
• First-in-classDescribing a drug that uses a new and unique mechanism of action to treat a medical condition. Such a...
• First-order chemical reactionA chemical reaction whose rate depends linearly on the concentration of only one reactant. The rate of such a...
• First-order phase transitionA phase transition characterized by a discontinuity in the first derivatives of the Gibbs free energy with...
• First-pass effectThe biotransformation of a substance during its initial passage from the site of absorption into the systemic...
• Fischer projectionA two-dimensional representation used to depict the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in chiral...
• Fischer-Rosanoff conventionA historical convention for assigning absolute configurations to chiral molecules, particularly...
• Fish acute toxicity syndromesSpecific sets of observable toxic responses in fish resulting from short-term exposure to a chemical, which...
• Fish embryo testA method for assessing the acute toxicity of chemicals on the embryonic stages of fish. Fertilized eggs are...
• Fish reproduction assayA laboratory test designed to evaluate the effects of chemical substances on the reproductive capacity of...
• Fish sexual development testAn in vivo assay designed to assess the potential effects of a chemical substance on the sexual...
• FissileDescribing a nuclide that can undergo nuclear fission upon bombardment with neutrons of any energy, including...
• Fission fragmentsThe atomic nuclei formed when a heavy nucleus undergoes nuclear fission, splitting into two or more smaller...
• Fission neutronsNeutrons released during the process of nuclear fission, which is the splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus...
• Fission productsThe nuclides formed either directly by nuclear fission or by the subsequent radioactive decay of the initial...
• Fission yieldThe fraction or percentage of fissions that result in the formation of a specific nuclide or a nuclide with a...
• FissionableDescribing a nuclide that is capable of undergoing nuclear fission, regardless of the energy of the incident...
• FistulaAn abnormal passage or connection that forms between two internal organs or between an organ and the exterior...
• FitnessThe relative ability of an individual organism to survive and reproduce in a given environment, contributing...
• Fitness advantageA characteristic or trait that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a given...
• Fitness costA reduction in the reproductive success or survival rate of an organism that is associated with the...
• Fitness for purposeThe degree to which data or results from an analytical measurement process meet the requirements for their...
• Fitting equationA mathematical expression used to describe the relationship between a set of experimental data points. This...
• Fixed dose procedureAn animal welfare-oriented acute toxicity testing method that uses a small number of animals and predefined...
• Fixed ionsIons that are covalently bonded to or permanently immobilized within the stationary phase of an ion...
• Fixed neutral loss scanA mass spectrometry scanning mode where the mass spectrometer is set to detect all precursor ions that...
• Fixed neutral loss spectrumA mass spectrum generated from a fixed neutral loss scan, displaying all precursor ions that lose a specific...
• Fixed precursor ion scanA mass spectrometry scanning mode where the first mass analyzer is set to transmit a specific, fixed...
• Fixed precursor ion spectrumA mass spectrum obtained by selecting a single precursor ion and then fragmenting it, with all product ions...
• Fixed product ion scanA mass spectrometry scanning mode where the second mass analyzer is set to detect a specific, fixed product...
• Fixed product ion spectrumA mass spectrum obtained by selecting a specific precursor ion and then fragmenting it to produce a spectrum...
• FlaccidDescribing a state of muscle weakness or paralysis characterized by reduced muscle tone, diminished or absent...
• FlameA hot, luminous gas produced by the combustion of a fuel and an oxidant, used in atomic spectroscopy as a...
• Flame atomic spectrometerAn analytical instrument that uses a flame to atomize a sample, allowing for the quantitative determination...
• Flame atomic spectroscopyA family of spectroanalytical techniques that uses a flame to atomize a sample, converting it into free atoms...
• Flame ionization detectorA common detector used in gas chromatography that responds to organic compounds by ionizing them in a...
• Flame photometric detectorA selective detector used in gas chromatography for compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus. The effluent...
• Flame photometryAn analytical technique used for the quantitative determination of certain metal ions, particularly alkali...
• Flame-in-tube atomizerA device used in atomic spectroscopy where a flame is contained within a tube, often made of quartz, to...
• Flash desorptionA technique used to remove adsorbed species from a surface by rapidly heating the surface. The sudden...
• Flash fluorimetryA technique in molecular luminescence spectroscopy that measures the decay of fluorescence intensity over...
• Flash lampsGas-discharge lamps that produce brief, intense pulses of broad-spectrum light by passing a high-current...
• Flash photolysisA technique for studying short-lived chemical intermediates and transient species generated by a brief...
• Flash pointThe lowest temperature at which a volatile substance gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture...
• Flash vacuum pyrolysisA synthetic technique involving the rapid heating of a substance to high temperatures (typically 400-1100 °C)...
• Flat band potentialThe electrode potential at which the energy bands of a semiconductor electrode are flat, meaning there is no...
• FlavansA class of flavonoid compounds based on the 2-phenylchroman skeleton, which consists of a chroman ring system...
• FlavinsA class of organic compounds based on the tricyclic heterocycle isoalloxazine, a fused pteridine and benzene...
• FlavonesA type of flavonoid compound featuring a C6-C3-C6 carbon framework, where the central C3 unit forms a...
• FlavonoidsA class of natural products possessing a C6-C3-C6 carbon skeleton, structured as two phenyl rings joined by a...
• FlavonolignansA group of natural products formed by the oxidative coupling of a flavonoid with a phenylpropanoid unit. This...
• FlavoproteinsProteins that contain a prosthetic group derived from riboflavin, either flavin mononucleotide (FMN) or...
• Flip angleThe angle by which the net magnetization vector of nuclear spins is rotated away from the static magnetic...
• FlocA loose, porous aggregate of particles held together in a network-like structure, formed during the process...
• Flocculation rate coefficientA quantitative measure of the speed at which dispersed particles in a suspension aggregate to form larger...
• FlocculeA small, loosely aggregated mass of fine particles, such as dust or soot, suspended in a fluid like air or...
• Floor temperatureThe minimum temperature below which a given monomer will not polymerize, or a polymer will not depolymerize...
• Flory-Fox assumptionA theoretical premise stating that the reciprocal of the number-average molecular weight of a polymer is...
• Flory-Fox equationAn empirical relationship that describes the dependence of the glass transition temperature of a polymer on...
• Flory-Huggins theoryA lattice model that describes the thermodynamics of polymer solutions, accounting for the entropy of mixing...
• FlotationA separation process that selectively separates hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic ones based on...
• Flow analysisA category of automated analytical methods where a sample is introduced into a continuously moving carrier...
• Flow cytometryA laboratory technique that measures and analyzes the physical and chemical characteristics of cells or...
• Flow cytometry assayA laboratory technique used to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles as...
• Flow field-flow fractionationA separation technique within the field-flow fractionation family that uses a parabolic flow profile across a...
• Flow injectionAn analytical technique where a precisely measured volume of sample is injected into a continuously flowing...
• Flow injection enthalpimetryAn analytical technique where the enthalpy change of a chemical reaction is measured by injecting a discrete...
• Flow injection mass spectrometryA technique that couples flow injection analysis with mass spectrometry, where a sample is injected into a...
• Flow rateThe volume or mass of a fluid passing through a given surface per unit of time. In chromatography, it...
• Flow rate of unburnt gas mixtureThe volume of uncombusted gas mixture passing through a specific cross-sectional area per unit time...
• Flow reactorA chemical reactor in which reactants are continuously fed into one end and products are continuously removed...
• Flow resistance parameterA dimensionless quantity used in chromatography to characterize the resistance to flow of the mobile phase...
• Flow-through extractionA method of extraction where a solvent continuously passes through a solid or semi-solid sample matrix to...
• Flow-through solid-phase spectrometryAn analytical technique where a sample solution flows through a solid sorbent material, and the spectroscopic...
• Flow-through systemAn experimental setup in ecotoxicology where test organisms are continuously exposed to a fresh supply of...
• Flow-through testA type of aquatic toxicity test in which the test solution in the exposure chambers is continuously or...
• Fluctuating asymmetrySmall, random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry in morphological traits that are otherwise...
• Flue gasThe gaseous exhaust product from the combustion of fuels such as coal, oil, or natural gas in a furnace...
• Flue gas scrubberAn air pollution control device that removes pollutants from the exhaust gases of combustion sources. It...
• FluenceThe radiant energy or particle energy incident on a surface per unit area. It is a measure of the total...
• Fluence rateThe radiant power incident on a small sphere divided by the cross-sectional area of that sphere, expressed in...
• Fluid cokeA type of petroleum coke produced in a fluidized bed reactor, resulting in spherical particles. This process...
• Fluid feederAn organism that obtains nutrients by consuming liquids, either by sucking, licking, or filtering fluids from...
• FluidityA measure of the ease with which a fluid flows, representing the reciprocal of its dynamic viscosity. A...
• Fluidized bedA bed of solid particles through which a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed upwards at a velocity sufficient to...
• Fluorescein isothiocyanateA reactive derivative of fluorescein, commonly used as a fluorescent label in biological and chemical...
• FluorescenceA type of photoluminescence involving the emission of light from a molecule or atom that has absorbed...
• Fluorescence correlation assayA technique that measures the concentration and mobility of fluorescently labeled molecules in a solution by...
• Fluorescence errorAn inaccuracy in quantitative analysis that arises when a sample absorbs incident radiation and subsequently...
• Fluorescence lifetimeThe average time a molecule remains in its excited electronic state after absorbing a photon, before...
• Fluorescence polarisationA spectroscopic technique that measures the degree to which the emitted fluorescence light remains polarized...
• Fluorescence polarisation assayA homogeneous binding assay that quantifies molecular interactions by measuring changes in the rotational...
• Fluorescence resonance energy transferA non-radiative energy transfer mechanism between two light-sensitive molecules, a donor and an acceptor...
• Fluorescence resonance energy transfer assayA technique that detects the non-radiative transfer of energy from a donor fluorophore to an acceptor...
• Fluorescence yieldThe ratio of the number of photons emitted by fluorescence to the number of photons absorbed by a substance...
• Fluorescence-activated cell sortingA specialized type of flow cytometry that physically separates a heterogeneous mixture of cells into distinct...
• Fluorescent antibodyAn antibody that has been chemically conjugated with a fluorescent dye, allowing it to be visualized under a...
• Fluorescent in situ hybridizationA cytogenetic technique that employs fluorescently labeled DNA probes to detect and localize specific DNA or...
• FluorimeterAn instrument used to measure the intensity of fluorescence emitted by a sample after it has been excited by...
• FluorocarbonsOrganic compounds in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine atoms. These...
• FluorogenicDescribing a compound that is non-fluorescent or weakly fluorescent but becomes strongly fluorescent upon...
• FluorophilicDescribing a chemical species or a part of a molecule that exhibits a strong affinity for fluorous phases or...
• Fluorophilic interactionA specific attractive force between fluorinated compounds or segments, arising from London dispersion forces...
• FluorophobicDescribing the tendency of a substance to repel or be repelled by fluorinated compounds or segments. This...
• Fluorophobic interactionA specific type of non-covalent interaction characterized by a repulsive force between a chemical species and...
• FluorophoreA chemical moiety that absorbs light at a specific wavelength and subsequently re-emits light at a longer...
• FluoropolymersPolymers that contain fluorine atoms covalently bonded to their carbon backbone. The presence of fluorine...
• FluorosisA condition resulting from excessive intake of fluoride, primarily affecting the development of teeth and...
• FluorousRelating to compounds or phases that are highly fluorinated, meaning a substantial portion of their hydrogen...
• Fluorous extractionA separation technique that employs a fluorous solvent, characterized by a high fluorine content, to...
• FluxThe rate of transfer of a quantity, such as particles, energy, or volume, through a real or imaginary surface...
• Flux depressionThe reduction in the neutron flux within a sample compared to the flux in the absence of the sample, caused...
• Flux monitorA device or material used to measure the intensity or spatial distribution of a particle flux, such as...
• Flux of a beam of particlesThe number of particles passing through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of the beam per unit time...
• Flux perturbationThe alteration of the neutron flux distribution in a medium due to the introduction of a sample or detector...
• FluxionalDescribing a molecule or ion that undergoes rapid, reversible intramolecular rearrangements, leading to the...
• FluxomicsThe quantitative study of metabolic fluxes, which are the rates of turnover of molecules through the...
• Fly ashA fine, powdery residue consisting of spherical particles, produced during the combustion of pulverized coal...
• fMLP peptideA synthetic peptide, N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, that mimics bacterial N-formylated peptides and...
• FoamA dispersion of gas bubbles in a liquid or solid medium, where the gas phase is dispersed and the liquid or...
• Foam fractionationA separation technique that concentrates surface-active components from a liquid solution by selectively...
• Foamed polyurethane sorbentA type of solid sorbent material made from open-cell polyurethane foam, used for preconcentration and...
• Foaming agentA substance that facilitates the formation and stabilization of a foam by reducing the surface tension of a...
• Focal plane detectorA type of detector in mass spectrometry that simultaneously records ions arriving at different positions...
• Focal unitThe central core of a dendrimer molecule, from which the dendrons or dendritic branches emanate. This unit...
• FociLocalized areas of cellular alteration or damage within a tissue or organ, often observed microscopically...
• Focused ion beamA technique that uses a finely focused beam of ions, typically gallium ions, to mill, deposit, or image...
• Focused ion beam systemAn instrument that uses a finely focused beam of ions, usually gallium, to image, mill, or deposit material...
• FoetusThe developing offspring of a viviparous animal, including humans, from the completion of embryonic...
• FogA dispersion of liquid droplets in a gas, formed by condensation of a supersaturated vapor. The droplets are...
• Fog horizonThe apparent boundary or limit of visibility through a fog layer. This phenomenon occurs when the density of...
• FoldA segment of a polymer chain that reverses its direction and re-enters a crystalline lamella, connecting two...
• Fold domainA region within a polymer crystal where polymer chains are regularly folded back upon themselves, forming a...
• Fold periodThe average distance between successive chain folds along a polymer chain within a crystalline lamella. This...
• Fold planeThe imaginary plane within a polymer crystal where the polymer chains reverse their direction and fold back...
• Fold surfaceThe external boundary of a polymer lamellar crystal where the polymer chains undergo a reversal in direction...
• FoldamerAn oligomer or polymer that adopts a stable, well-defined secondary structure in solution, similar to the...
• Folded-chain crystalA type of polymer crystal in which individual polymer chains repeatedly fold back upon themselves to form...
• FoldingA phenomenon in digital signal processing where frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency are incorrectly...
• Folic acidThe synthetic, oxidized form of folate, a B-vitamin, used in dietary supplements and for food fortification...
• FollicleA small, sac-like structure within an organ or gland, such as the skin or ovary, that has a secretory or...
• Follicle-stimulating hormoneA gonadotropin hormone synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, it stimulates...
• Follicle-stimulating hormone releasing hormoneA hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone...
• Follicular atresiaThe degenerative process by which ovarian follicles, which contain immature eggs, break down and are...
• Follicular dendritic cellA type of non-migratory cell found in the B-cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs. These cells capture...
• Follicular phaseThe initial stage of the ovarian cycle, beginning with menstruation and ending with ovulation, during which...
• Follow-on drugA new drug that is structurally similar to an existing, previously approved drug, often developed by a...
• FontanelleA soft, membranous gap between the cranial bones of a fetus or infant, where ossification is not yet...
• Food additiveAny substance not normally consumed as a food by itself, nor typically used as a characteristic ingredient of...
• Food allergyAn adverse immune response to specific food proteins, triggered by the body's immune system mistakenly...
• Food chainA hierarchical sequence that describes the transfer of energy and nutrients from one organism to another...
• Food intoleranceA non-immunological adverse physiological response to a food or food component at a dose normally tolerated...
• Food webA complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem, illustrating the multiple feeding...
• Food-mass feederAn organism that consumes relatively large, discrete pieces of food rather than filtering small particles or...
• FootA non-SI unit of length, primarily used in the imperial and United States customary systems of measurement...
• Footpad testAn in vivo assay used to assess cell-mediated immunity or delayed-type hypersensitivity in rodents. An animal...
• FootprintingA molecular biology technique used to identify the specific binding sites of proteins on DNA or RNA...
• ForamenA natural opening or passage, especially one into or through a bone, that allows for the passage of...
• Foramen magnumA large opening located at the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata passes as it connects...
• Foramen ovaleA temporary, oval-shaped opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart, allowing blood to bypass the...
• ForceAn external influence that causes a change in the motion of a body with mass, described as the rate of change...
• Force constantsCoefficients that relate the displacement of atoms from their equilibrium positions to the change in a...
• Force fieldA set of mathematical functions and associated parameters used in computational chemistry to describe the...
• Forced diuresisA medical procedure involving the administration of fluids and diuretics to increase urine output, aiming to...
• Forced sinusoidal oscillationA type of mechanical deformation applied to a material where a sinusoidal stress or strain is imposed...
• Foreign body reactionThe host's immunological and inflammatory response to the implantation of a non-living material, such as a...
• Formal chargeA calculated charge assigned to an atom within a molecule by assuming that bonding electrons are divided...
• Formal electrode potentialThe electrode potential of a half-reaction measured under specific conditions where the concentrations of all...
• Formamidine disulfidesCompounds having the general structure H2N-C(=NH)-S-S-C(=NH)-NH2 and their N-substituted derivatives. The...
• Formation constantAn equilibrium constant that describes the formation of a complex in solution from its constituent metal ions...
• FormazansA class of organic compounds characterized by the general structure R-N=N-CR'=N-NH-R'', where R, R', and R''...
• FormulationThe process of combining different chemical substances to produce a final product with specific...
• Forssman antigenA glycolipid heterophile antigen found on the cell surfaces of many animal species, but not in humans, except...
• Förster cycleA thermodynamic cycle that relates the difference in pKa values of a molecule in its ground electronic state...
• Förster excitation transferA non-radiative energy transfer mechanism between an excited donor molecule and an acceptor molecule...
• Förster-resonance-energy transferA non-radiative process where energy is transferred from an excited donor fluorophore to an acceptor...
• Forward chainingA reasoning strategy in artificial intelligence where an inference engine starts with known facts and applies...
• Forward geneticsA genetic approach that begins with an observable phenotype or trait and then seeks to identify the...
• Forward geometryAn ion optical configuration in mass spectrometry where the electrostatic energy analyzer precedes the...
• Forward library searchA method of spectral identification where an unknown spectrum is compared against a library of reference...
• Forward stepwise linear discriminant analysisA statistical method for classifying observations into predefined groups by iteratively adding variables to a...
• FossaA shallow depression, hollow, or indentation on the surface of an organ or bone. These anatomical features...
• Fossa ovalisA depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium of the heart, marking the location of the foramen...
• FossilThe preserved remains or traces of organisms from a past geological age, embedded in rock or other geological...
• Fossil fuelA natural fuel, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living...
• FoulingThe undesirable accumulation of unwanted material on the surface of a membrane or other solid material...
• Fouling agentA substance present in a catalyst's feed stream that is not itself a poison but can react or decompose on the...
• Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometerA high-resolution mass spectrometry technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions based on their...
• Fourier transform spectrometerAn optical instrument that measures the interference pattern (interferogram) produced by electromagnetic...
• Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopyAn analytical technique that uses an interferometer to measure the absorption or emission of infrared...
• Fourier-transform mass spectrometryA mass spectrometry technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions by detecting the image current...
• Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopyA form of vibrational spectroscopy that acquires a Raman spectrum using a Fourier-transform instrument based...
• Fourier-transform spectroscopyA spectroscopic technique where an interferogram, representing the signal as a function of optical path...
• Foxp3A protein that functions as a transcription factor required for the development and suppressive function of...
• Fractal agglomerateAn assembly of primary particles that are held together by weak forces, forming a structure with fractal...
• Fractal dimensionA statistical quantity that indicates how completely a fractal object fills the space it occupies, reflecting...
• FractionA dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of a part to a whole. It can express the proportion of a...
• Fraction collectorA device used in chromatography to automatically collect the effluent (the mobile phase leaving the column)...
• Fraction extractedThe proportion of a solute initially present in one phase that has been transferred to another phase during...
• Fractional change of a quantityThe ratio of the change in a quantity to its initial value, expressed as a dimensionless number. It indicates...
• Fractional ion yieldThe ratio of the number of ions of a specific type produced from a surface to the total number of particles...
• Fractional selectivityThe ratio of the rate of formation of a desired product to the sum of the rates of formation of all products...
• Fractional sputtering yieldThe ratio of the number of sputtered atoms or molecules of a specific type to the total number of incident...
• Fractional-factorial designAn experimental design that uses a selected subset of the runs from a full factorial design. This approach is...
• FractionationA process that separates a mixture of macromolecules into fractions based on differences in a specific...
• Fragile glassA type of glass-forming liquid characterized by a strong temperature dependence of its viscosity near the...
• Fragility indexA dimensionless parameter that quantifies the deviation of a supercooled liquid's viscosity from Arrhenius...
• FragmentA small molecule, typically with a molecular weight below 300 Daltons, used in fragment-based drug discovery...
• Fragment ionAn ion formed when a larger molecular ion or another ion undergoes dissociation, typically due to excess...
• Fragment keysA type of structural descriptor used in cheminformatics, consisting of a predefined set of molecular...
• FragmentationThe process in which a molecule breaks down into two or more smaller pieces, which may be ions, radicals, or...
• Fragmentation reactionA unimolecular dissociation process where a molecule breaks into two or more smaller fragments, often...
• Fragment-based lead discoveryA drug discovery approach that identifies small molecular fragments that bind to a biological target, which...
• Frame-shift mutationA type of gene mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides not divisible by three...
• Framework regionRelatively conserved segments of amino acids within the variable regions of antibody and T-cell receptor...
• Franck-Condon factorA quantitative measure of the probability of a vibronic transition between two electronic states of a...
• Franck-Condon principleA principle stating that during an electronic transition in a molecule, the nuclei do not change their...
• FranklinA unit of electric charge in the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) electrostatic system, also known as the...
• Free charge carriersElectrons or holes that are not bound to specific atoms and are able to move freely within a material...
• Free charge density on the interfaceThe net electrical charge per unit area that exists at the boundary between two phases, such as an electrode...
• Free charge-carrier photogenerationThe process by which incident light energy creates mobile charge carriers, such as electrons and holes...
• Free electron laserA type of laser that generates coherent electromagnetic radiation by accelerating a beam of electrons through...
• Free electronsElectrons that are not associated with a particular atom or molecule and can move freely within a material or...
• Free energy perturbationA computational method based on statistical mechanics for calculating the difference in free energy between...
• Free induction decayThe transient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal observed after a radiofrequency pulse excites the...
• Free ionAn ion that exists independently in a solution or gas phase, not associated with a counterion to form an ion...
• Free ion activity modelA conceptual framework in ecotoxicology that posits the toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms is primarily...
• Free oscillationThe oscillatory motion of a system that occurs after an initial disturbance, without any continuous external...
• Free rotationThe unhindered rotation of one part of a molecule relative to another around a single bond. This occurs when...
• Free spectral rangeThe maximum wavelength or wavenumber interval in which there is no overlap of adjacent interference orders in...
• Free volumeThe unoccupied space within a material that is not occupied by the atoms or molecules themselves, but is...
• Free-drainingA theoretical model describing the hydrodynamic behavior of a polymer chain in solution, where solvent...
• Freely drainingDescribing a polymer coil in solution where solvent molecules can pass through the coil with minimal...
• Freely jointed chainA theoretical model of a polymer chain composed of rigid segments of fixed length, connected by universal...
• Freely rotating chainA theoretical model of a polymer chain where the bond angles between adjacent segments are fixed, but...
• Free-running laserA laser operating without any Q-switching or mode-locking elements in its optical cavity. This mode of...
• FreezingA phase transition where a substance changes from a liquid state to a solid state, typically upon cooling...
• Freezing outA separation technique that involves cooling a mixture to a temperature at which one or more components...
• FrequencyThe number of cycles or oscillations of a periodic phenomenon that occur per unit of time. It is the...
• Frequency distributionA statistical representation that shows the number of observations that fall into each of several specified...
• Frequency-domain fluorometryA technique for measuring fluorescence lifetimes by exciting a sample with sinusoidally modulated light and...
• Frequent hitterA compound that gives a positive result in multiple, unrelated high-throughput screening assays, suggesting a...
• Fresnel reflectionThe reflection of electromagnetic radiation that occurs at the interface between two media with different...
• FRETThe abbreviation for Förster resonance energy transfer, a non-radiative process where energy is transferred...
• Freundlich adsorption isothermAn empirical equation that describes the adsorption of solutes from a liquid onto a solid surface...
• Freund’s adjuvantAn emulsion of mineral oil and water used to enhance the immune response to an antigen administered with it...
• Friction factorA dimensionless quantity that characterizes the resistance to fluid flow in a conduit or channel, arising...
• Frictional coefficientA proportionality constant that relates the frictional force experienced by a particle or macromolecule...
• Fringe fieldThe electric or magnetic field that extends beyond the physical boundaries of the main field-generating...
• Fringed-micelle modelA historical model for the morphology of semicrystalline polymers, proposing that crystalline regions...
• Front surface geometryAn optical arrangement in luminescence spectroscopy where the excitation radiation is directed onto the front...
• Frontal chromatographyA chromatographic technique where the sample is continuously introduced onto the column, and the components...
• Frontal lobeThe largest of the four major lobes of the mammalian brain, located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere...
• Frontier orbitalsThe highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of a...
• FrontingA chromatographic band asymmetry characterized by a less steep leading edge and a steeper trailing edge. This...
• Frontonasal dysplasiaA congenital malformation syndrome characterized by abnormal development of the forehead, nose, and midface...
• Frontotemporal dementiaA group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the progressive deterioration of the frontal and...
• Frost point hygrometerAn instrument used to measure the frost point temperature, which is the temperature at which water vapor in a...
• Froth flotationA process for separating hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic ones by suspending them in a liquid and...
• Frumkin effectThe influence of the electrical potential at the outer Helmholtz plane on the rate of an electrode reaction...
• Frustrated Lewis acid-base pairA combination of a Lewis acid and a Lewis base that are prevented from forming a classical dative bond due to...
• FrustrationA state in a polymer system where competing interactions or geometric constraints prevent the simultaneous...
• Fuel cycleThe complete sequence of operations involved in producing electricity from nuclear fuel. This includes...
• Fuel elementA unit of nuclear fuel, typically consisting of fissile material enclosed in a protective cladding, designed...
• Fuel reprocessingThe chemical and physical treatment of spent nuclear fuel to separate reusable fissile and fertile materials...
• FugacityA thermodynamic property that represents the 'effective partial pressure' of a real gas in a mixture, or a...
• Fugacity coefficientA dimensionless quantity that relates the fugacity of a component in a mixture to its partial pressure...
• FulgidesA class of organic compounds characterized by a structure containing a succinic anhydride or succinimide core...
• Full energy peakThe peak in a gamma-ray or X-ray spectrum that corresponds to the total absorption of the incident photon's...
• FullerenesA class of carbon allotropes consisting of molecules composed entirely of carbon, forming a hollow sphere...
• Full-evaporation headspace analysisA quantitative sample preparation technique where a liquid or solid sample is sealed in a vial and heated...
• Full-factorial designAn experimental design that investigates all possible combinations of the levels for all chosen factors. This...
• FulvalenesA class of unsaturated hydrocarbons consisting of two carbocyclic rings joined by a shared exocyclic double...
• FulvenesA class of hydrocarbons consisting of a five-membered ring with one exocyclic double bond, formally derived...
• Fulvic acidA component of humic substances, characterized by its relatively low molecular weight and high oxygen...
• FumeAn aerosol composed of solid particles, typically with diameters less than 1 micrometer, generated by the...
• Fumes, see Fume
• FumigantA chemical substance that, at a sufficient concentration and temperature, can exist as a gas and is used to...
• FumigationThe process of exposing an area or substance to fumes or gases, typically for disinfection, pest control, or...
• Functional assayAn experimental procedure designed to measure the physiological or biochemical effect of a substance on a...
• Functional class fingerprintsA type of molecular descriptor used in cheminformatics that encodes the presence or absence of specific...
• Functional class nameA type of nomenclature that designates a compound by naming the principal characteristic group as a class...
• Functional domainA distinct region within a protein or a larger biological molecule that has a specific biochemical or...
• Functional genomicsA field of molecular biology that aims to understand the function of genes and their products, such as...
• Functional groupA specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of...
• Functional observational batteryA standardized set of behavioral and physiological tests administered to laboratory animals to detect...
• Functional parentA parent hydride or other parent structure to which a characteristic group has been added, forming a compound...
• Functional polymerA polymer that possesses specific chemical groups or functionalities designed to impart particular properties...
• Functional proteomicsThe study of protein functions, interactions, and modifications within a biological system, often in a...
• Functional redundancyThe capacity of multiple species or components within an ecosystem to perform similar ecological functions...
• Functional responseThe relationship between the consumption rate of a predator and the density of its prey. This describes how...
• FunctionalityThe number of reactive sites or groups present in a monomer molecule that are capable of forming covalent...
• Fundamental absorptionThe absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a material that results in the direct excitation of electrons...
• Fundamental absorption edgeThe wavelength or energy at which a material begins to strongly absorb electromagnetic radiation due to...
• Fundamental nicheThe full range of environmental conditions and resources that a species can possibly use and tolerate in the...
• FundusThe part of a hollow organ that is farthest from the opening, typically referring to the rounded, uppermost...
• Fungus preparationA substance derived from fungi, or the fungi themselves, intended for use in toxicology studies or as a...
• Furan polymerA polymer derived from furan or its derivatives, where furan rings are incorporated into the polymer backbone...
• FuranocoumarinsA class of organic compounds derived from the fusion of a furan ring with a coumarin structure. These...
• FuranosesMonosaccharides that exist in a five-membered ring form, consisting of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom...
• Furnace pyrolysisA thermal decomposition process where a sample is heated in a controlled furnace, typically in an inert...
• FurocoumarinsA class of organic compounds characterized by a furan ring fused to a coumarin nucleus. These compounds are...
• Fused in sarcoma transcription factorA protein involved in gene regulation, RNA processing, and DNA repair within cells. This factor, often...
• FusionThe process of joining two or more biological entities, such as cells, protoplasts, or membranes, to form a...
• Fusion nameA systematic name for polycyclic compounds formed by joining two or more rings along a common bond. This...
• Fuzzy clusteringA method of data analysis that groups elements into clusters where an individual element can have partial...
• Fv fragmentThe smallest antigen-binding unit of an antibody, consisting of the variable regions of both the heavy and...

439 of 13,678 terms in Chemistry terminology (MLC-0109). Request the full dataset.