Chemistry terminology · MLC-0109

Chemistry terms: G (353)

• G indexA parameter used in G-SIMS (G-secondary ion mass spectrometry) to characterize the fragmentation behavior of...
• G proteinA family of proteins that bind guanine nucleotides and function as transducers in cellular signaling...
• G protein-coupled receptorA large family of transmembrane proteins that convert extracellular stimuli into intracellular signals...
• G valueThe number of specified chemical changes or events produced per 100 eV of energy absorbed from ionizing...
• GABAergicRelating to neurons, synapses, or physiological processes that produce, release, or are acted upon by the...
• Gaia hypothesisA scientific hypothesis proposing that living organisms and their inorganic surroundings have evolved...
• GainThe ratio of the output signal to the input signal in a detection system, indicating the amplification...
• Gall bladderA small, pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver...
• Galvani potential differenceThe difference in electric potential between two points in different phases, specifically the inner electric...
• Galvanic cellAn electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical...
• GalvanostatAn electronic instrument designed to maintain a constant current through an electrochemical cell, regardless...
• GameteA mature haploid reproductive cell, either male or female, that unites with another gamete during sexual...
• Gamete intrafallopian transferAn assisted reproductive technology procedure where sperm and eggs are collected and then immediately placed...
• Gametic selectionA form of natural selection that occurs at the level of the gametes, where certain gametes have a higher...
• GametocideA chemical agent that inhibits the formation or function of gametes, thereby inducing sterility in plants or...
• Γ-aminobutyric acidA primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammals. It reduces neuronal...
• Γ-aminobutyric acid receptorA class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the primary...
• Gamma relaxationA secondary relaxation process observed in polymers, occurring at temperatures below the glass transition...
• Gamma relaxation peakA peak observed in the mechanical or dielectric loss curve of a polymer, corresponding to the gamma...
• GammaglobulinA class of proteins found in the blood plasma, identified by their migration as the slowest fraction during...
• Gamma-ray spectrometryAn analytical technique used to identify and quantify gamma-emitting radionuclides based on the energy and...
• GanglionA cluster of nerve cell bodies, also known as somata, located in the peripheral nervous system. These...
• Ganglion cellA type of neuron found in the retina of the eye, forming the innermost layer of the neural retina. These...
• GangliosideA type of complex glycosphingolipid containing one or more sialic acid residues, which gives the molecule a...
• GargleTo rinse the throat with a liquid medication or solution, holding it in the mouth and tilting the head back...
• Gas analysis installationA system of interconnected components designed for the sampling, conditioning, and measurement of gases to...
• Gas blackA finely divided form of carbon produced by the incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of natural gas...
• Gas chromatographyA separation technique where the mobile phase is a gas and the stationary phase is a liquid or solid adsorbed...
• Gas chromatography-mass spectrometryA powerful analytical technique that combines the separation capabilities of gas chromatography with the...
• Gas constantA physical constant that relates the energy scale to the temperature scale, appearing in many fundamental...
• Gas laserA type of laser that uses a gas or a mixture of gases as the active gain medium. The population inversion...
• Gas sensing electrodeA type of ion-selective electrode designed to measure the concentration of dissolved gases in a solution. It...
• Gaseous diffusion separatorA device that separates gases based on their molecular weights by exploiting differences in their rates of...
• Gas-filled phototubeA phototube containing a small amount of inert gas, such as argon, which amplifies the photocurrent through...
• Gas-liquid chromatographyA specific type of gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a non-volatile liquid coated on a solid...
• Gas-phase acidityA quantitative measure of the intrinsic acidity of a molecule in the absence of solvent effects. It is...
• Gas-phase basicityA measure of the intrinsic basicity of a molecule in the absence of solvent effects, typically expressed as...
• Gas-phase-grown carbon fibresCarbon fibers produced by the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon gases at elevated temperatures. This...
• Gas-solid chromatographyA chromatographic technique where the stationary phase is a solid adsorbent material, and the mobile phase is...
• Gastric emptying rateThe speed at which food or pharmaceutical formulations leave the stomach and enter the small intestine. This...
• Gastric parietal cellA specialized epithelial cell located in the gastric glands of the stomach lining. It is responsible for...
• GastroenteritisAn inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, specifically involving both the stomach and the small...
• GastrointestinalRelating to the digestive system, which extends from the mouth to the anus and includes organs such as the...
• Gastrointestinal excretionThe elimination of substances from the body through the gastrointestinal tract, typically in the feces. This...
• GastroschisisA birth defect characterized by an opening in the abdominal wall, usually to the right of the umbilical cord...
• GastrulaAn early embryonic stage in which the single-layered blastula undergoes a process of cellular rearrangement...
• GastrulationThe fundamental developmental process in early animal embryos where the blastula is reorganized into a...
• Gate delayThe time interval between the initiation of a pulsed event and the opening of a detection gate, during which...
• Gated decouplingA technique in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy used to suppress spin-spin coupling between...
• Gated photodetectorA photodetector whose sensitivity or signal acquisition is controlled by an electronic gate, allowing it to...
• GaucheA conformational arrangement in a molecule where two substituents on adjacent atoms are separated by a...
• Gauche effectThe preference for a gauche conformation over an anti conformation for certain molecules, particularly those...
• GaussA unit of magnetic flux density in the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) electromagnetic system. One gauss is...
• Gaussian bandA spectral band whose intensity profile as a function of frequency, wavelength, or wavenumber follows the...
• Gaussian band shapeA spectral band profile that can be described by a Gaussian function, characterized by a bell-shaped curve...
• Gaussian orbitalA mathematical function used as a basis function in computational chemistry to approximate atomic orbitals...
• GavageA procedure for administering a substance directly into the stomach by means of a tube passed through the...
• Γ-cascadeA sequence of two or more gamma-ray emissions that occur in rapid succession from an excited atomic nucleus...
• γ:δ T cellA subset of T lymphocytes that possess a distinct T-cell receptor composed of one gamma (γ) chain and one...
• γ:δ T-cell receptorA heterodimeric protein complex found on the surface of γ:δ T cells, consisting of one gamma (γ) and one...
• GD-OES spectrometers with simultaneous detectionInstruments for glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) that are equipped with multiple...
• Geiger counterA radiation detection instrument that measures ionizing radiation, such as alpha, beta, or gamma particles...
• Geiger-Muller counter tubeA gas-filled radiation detector that produces a large electrical pulse when a single ionizing particle or...
• GelA soft, viscoelastic material consisting of a cross-linked polymer network swollen by a liquid medium. The...
• Gel agingThe time-dependent evolution of the structure and properties of a gel after its initial formation. This...
• Gel electrophoresisA technique that separates macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, or proteins, based on their size, charge, or...
• Gel fractionThe mass fraction of a polymer sample that is insoluble in a given solvent due to the formation of a...
• Gel microparticleA discrete particle composed of a cross-linked polymer network swollen with a solvent, having dimensions in...
• Gel nanoparticleA discrete particle composed of a cross-linked polymer network swollen with a solvent, with dimensions in the...
• Gel pointThe specific extent of reaction at which a polymerizing system transitions from a liquid to a solid, elastic...
• Gel timeThe duration required for a polymerizing system to reach its gel point, where an infinite network forms and...
• GelationThe process by which a polymeric system transforms from a liquid or sol state into a gel, characterized by...
• Gelation temperatureThe temperature at which a polymer solution or melt undergoes a transition from a fluid state to a gel state...
• Gell and Coombs classificationA system for categorizing hypersensitivity reactions into four main types based on the immunological...
• Geminate ion pairAn ion pair formed from a single ionization event, where the cation and anion remain in close proximity to...
• Geminate pairA pair of reactive species, such as radicals or ions, that are formed simultaneously in close proximity...
• Geminate recombinationThe process where a pair of reactive species, such as radicals or ions, formed from a single precursor...
• GeneA fundamental unit of heredity, consisting of a specific sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or...
• Gene amplificationAn increase in the number of copies of a specific gene or DNA sequence within a cell or organism. This...
• Gene expressionThe process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional product. This product...
• Gene knockoutA genetic technique in which a specific gene in an organism is inactivated or deleted. This process typically...
• Gene libraryA collection of cloned DNA fragments, representing the entire genome of an organism or a specific subset of...
• Gene manipulationThe direct alteration of an organism's genetic material using biotechnology techniques, often referred to as...
• Gene mapA diagram showing the relative positions of genes on a chromosome, or the physical distance between genetic...
• Gene productThe biochemical material, either an RNA or a protein molecule, resulting from the expression of a gene. Its...
• Gene rearrangementA cellular process that alters the sequence of DNA by cutting, shuffling, and joining gene segments to create...
• Gene silencingThe regulation of gene expression that results in the reduction or complete inhibition of the production of a...
• Gene targetingA genetic engineering technique that involves altering a specific gene in a living organism, often by...
• Gene therapyA medical approach that involves introducing genetic material into a patient's cells to treat or prevent...
• General acid catalysisA type of catalysis where the reaction rate is increased by all Brønsted acids present in the solution, not...
• General acid-base catalysisA type of catalysis where the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by proton transfer to or from any acid...
• General adaptation syndromeA model describing the body's nonspecific physiological response to prolonged stress, first proposed by Hans...
• General base catalysisA type of catalysis where the reaction rate is increased by all Brønsted bases present in the solution, not...
• General force fieldA mathematical model used in molecular mechanics to describe the potential energy of a molecule as a function...
• Generalized transition-state theoryAn extension of conventional transition-state theory that allows the dividing surface between reactants and...
• Generally labelled tracerA chemical compound in which a specific atom or atoms have been replaced by a detectable isotope, and the...
• Generally regarded as safeA designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for substances that, based on extensive...
• GenerationA discrete layer of repeating units or branching points radiating outwards from the core of a dendrimer or...
• Generation timeThe average time required for a population of cells or organisms to double in number under specific growth...
• Generator coupling efficiencyThe effectiveness with which energy from a radiofrequency generator is transferred to the plasma in an...
• GenericRelating to a pharmaceutical drug that is chemically identical to a brand-name drug but is marketed after the...
• Genetic adaptationAn evolutionary process whereby the genetic makeup of a population changes over generations, resulting in an...
• Genetic algorithmA computational search technique inspired by evolutionary biology, used to find approximate solutions to...
• Genetic codeThe set of rules by which information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences is translated into proteins...
• Genetic driftA change in the frequency of an existing gene variant, or allele, in a population due to random sampling of...
• Genetic engineeringThe direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology to introduce, eliminate, or modify...
• Genetic epidemiologyA field of epidemiology that investigates the role of genetic factors in the etiology of diseases within...
• Genetic hitchhikingThe phenomenon where an allele at one locus increases in frequency not because it is under direct positive...
• Genetic polymorphismThe occurrence of two or more genetically determined phenotypes in a population, where the rarest allele has...
• Genetic recombinationThe process by which genetic material is rearranged, typically by crossing over between homologous...
• Genetic riskThe probability that an individual will develop a particular disease or condition due to their genetic...
• Genetic susceptibilityAn increased likelihood of developing a particular disease or adverse health outcome due to an individual's...
• Genetic toxicologyThe study of agents that interact with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and cause damage, leading to mutations or...
• Genetically modified organismAn organism whose genetic material has been altered through biotechnological methods, rather than through...
• GenitalRelating to the organs of reproduction, particularly the external structures involved in sexual activity and...
• Genital foldAn embryonic structure that develops into parts of the external genitalia in mammals. In males, the genital...
• Genital organAny of the internal or external structures that form the reproductive system in a male or female organism. In...
• Genital tractThe continuous series of ducts and organs through which gametes travel and that support reproduction. In the...
• Genital tubercleAn embryonic primordium that gives rise to the external genitalia in vertebrates. In male development, it...
• GenitaliaThe reproductive organs of an animal, especially the external sex organs visible on the body. These...
• GenomeThe complete set of genetic material present in an organism or cell, encompassing all its deoxyribonucleic...
• GenomicsThe scientific discipline focused on the study of the entire genetic material of an organism, known as its...
• GenotoxicDescribing a chemical agent or physical process that damages the genetic material (DNA and RNA) within a...
• GenotypeThe specific genetic makeup of an organism, referring to the set of alleles it possesses for a particular...
• GenusA taxonomic rank in the biological classification of organisms, positioned above species and below family. It...
• Geographic information systemA system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data...
• Geometric attenuationThe reduction in the intensity of radiation as it spreads out from a source, due to the inverse square law...
• Geometric meanA type of average that indicates the central tendency of a set of numbers by multiplying them together and...
• Geometrical equivalenceA relationship between two or more groups within a polymer chain where they occupy equivalent positions in...
• GeometryThe spatial arrangement of a radioactive source relative to a radiation detector, including their shapes...
• Geometry factorA dimensionless quantity that accounts for the fraction of emitted radiation from a source that reaches a...
• Germ cell gene mutation assayA laboratory test designed to detect heritable genetic changes in the reproductive cells of an organism. This...
• Germ layerA primary layer of embryonic cells that forms during early animal development, giving rise to all tissues and...
• Germ lineReferring to the genetic material in its inherited, unrearranged configuration within an organism's...
• Germ line cellA cell belonging to the lineage that ultimately produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. These cells are...
• Germ-freeRelating to an animal that is entirely free of all detectable microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses...
• Germ-free animalAn animal that has been raised and maintained in a completely sterile environment, devoid of any...
• Germinal aplasiaA congenital condition characterized by the absence or severe deficiency of germ cells in the gonads...
• Germinal centerA specialized microenvironment within secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and the spleen, where B...
• GermylidenesA class of reactive intermediates containing a divalent germanium atom covalently bonded to two other groups...
• GestationThe period of time during which a fetus develops inside the mother's womb, from conception to birth. This...
• Gestation indexA quantitative measure reflecting the developmental stage of an embryo or fetus, often used in toxicology...
• Gestation periodThe duration of time from conception to birth in viviparous animals, during which the embryo or fetus...
• g-factorA parameter used in polymer science to describe the branching of a polymer chain, defined as the ratio of the...
• G-fold cross validationA technique for assessing the predictive performance of a statistical model by partitioning the original...
• Giant axonAn unusually large nerve fiber found in certain invertebrates, such as squid, that allows for very rapid...
• Giant axonal neuropathyA rare inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the formation of abnormally large axons...
• Giant cellA large, multinucleated cell formed by the fusion of several individual cells, often macrophages, in response...
• Gibbs adsorptionThe excess concentration of a component at an interface compared to its concentration in the bulk phases...
• Gibbs energyA thermodynamic potential that quantifies the maximum amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from...
• Gibbs energy diagramA plot of the standard Gibbs energy of a system against a reaction coordinate, illustrating the energy...
• Gibbs energy of activationThe difference in Gibbs energy between the transition state and the reactants in a chemical reaction. It...
• Gibbs energy of photoinduced electron transferThe change in Gibbs energy associated with an electron transfer reaction initiated by light absorption. This...
• Gibbs energy of repulsionThe thermodynamic work required to bring two interacting colloidal particles or surfaces from an infinite...
• Gibbs energy of transferThe change in Gibbs energy when one mole of a solute is transferred from one solvent to another at constant...
• Gibbs film elasticityA measure of a liquid film's ability to resist deformation, defined as twice the derivative of the surface...
• Gibbs surfaceA theoretical dividing surface used to define the interface between two phases, where the properties of the...
• Gibbs-Duhem equationA thermodynamic relationship that connects the changes in chemical potential of components within a system at...
• Gibbs-Konovalov equationsA set of thermodynamic relationships that describe the behavior of vapor-liquid equilibrium in binary...
• GigaA decimal prefix in the International System of Units (SI) representing a factor of 10^9. This prefix is used...
• GigantismA medical condition characterized by excessive growth and height, resulting from overproduction of growth...
• Γ-interferonA cytokine produced primarily by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, playing a central role in immune...
• GlandAn organ composed of specialized cells that synthesize and secrete substances for use elsewhere in the body...
• GlansThe bulbous, sensitive structure at the distal end of the penis or clitoris. It is composed of erectile...
• Glans clitoridisThe visible, external tip of the clitoris, located where the labia minora meet anteriorly. This small...
• Glans penisThe cap-like structure forming the head of the penis, which covers the ends of the corpora cavernosa. It...
• GlassA non-crystalline solid material that exhibits a glass transition, which is a reversible transition in...
• Glass electrode errorA deviation in the measured pH value from the true pH, arising from the limitations of a glass electrode...
• Glass laserA type of solid-state laser that uses a glass matrix, such as a silicate or phosphate glass, as the host...
• Glass pH-sensitive electrodeAn electrochemical sensor designed to measure the hydrogen ion activity (pH) of a solution, consisting of a...
• Glass transitionA reversible transition in amorphous materials, such as polymers or glasses, from a hard, glassy state to a...
• Glass-like carbonA non-graphitizing carbon material characterized by its glassy appearance, high hardness, and impermeability...
• Glass-transition temperatureThe temperature at which an amorphous material undergoes a reversible transition from a rigid, glassy state...
• Glassy carbon electrodeA solid electrode fabricated from a non-graphitizing carbon material that exhibits properties of both glass...
• Glassy stateThe amorphous, solid state of a material, characterized by a high viscosity and the absence of long-range...
• GlaucomaA group of eye conditions that result in progressive damage to the nerve connecting the eye to the brain...
• GliaThe non-neuronal cells of the nervous system that provide physical and metabolic support to neurons. Glial...
• Glial cellA non-neuronal cell found in the central and peripheral nervous systems that supports and protects neurons...
• Glial fibrillary acidic proteinAn intermediate filament protein found in the cytoplasm of astrocytes and other glial cells in the central...
• Glial-derived neurotrophic factorA protein that promotes the survival and differentiation of neurons, particularly dopaminergic and motor...
• GlioblastomaAn aggressive and fast-growing type of brain tumor that originates from astrocytes, a type of glial cell. It...
• GliomaA type of tumor that arises from glial cells, which are the supportive cells of the brain and spinal cord...
• Global analysisA method of simultaneously fitting a single kinetic model to multiple spectroscopic data sets obtained under...
• Global distillationThe process by which volatile and semi-volatile chemicals, particularly persistent organic pollutants, are...
• Global fractionationThe differential distribution of persistent organic pollutants across the globe due to their physicochemical...
• Global modelA computational model in drug design that explores the entire conformational space of a molecule to identify...
• Global warmingThe long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature, primarily caused by the buildup of greenhouse...
• Globally optimized alternating-phase rectangular pulsesA sequence of radiofrequency pulses used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, designed to...
• GlobosideA type of glycosphingolipid characterized by a ceramide lipid anchor linked to an oligosaccharide chain...
• GlobuleA compact, approximately spherical conformation adopted by a polymer chain in a solution or melt, often...
• Globule-to-coil transitionA conformational change in a polymer chain from a compact, collapsed globule state to an expanded, random...
• GlomerularRelating to the glomerulus, a network of capillaries located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney. The...
• Glomerular filtrationThe initial step in urine formation, involving the passive movement of water and small solutes from the blood...
• Glomerular filtration rateA measure of kidney function, representing the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into...
• GlomerulonephritisA type of kidney disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the small filtering units...
• GlomerulonephropathyA disease affecting the glomeruli, which are the tiny filtering units within the kidneys. This condition...
• GlomerulusA small, intricate tuft of capillaries located within Bowman's capsule in the nephron of the kidney. This...
• Glove boxA sealed enclosure equipped with gloves built into its walls, allowing manipulation of materials within a...
• Glow discharge ionizationA process in mass spectrometry where a sample is ionized by bombarding it with energetic species (electrons...
• Glow discharge sourceA device that generates a low-pressure plasma, or glow discharge, by applying a high voltage across a gas...
• Glow electric dischargeA type of plasma sustained by passing a direct current through a gas at low pressure, typically between 0.1...
• Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopyAn analytical technique used for elemental analysis of solid samples, particularly for depth profiling and...
• GlucocorticoidA class of corticosteroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor and are produced primarily in the...
• GlucuronideA compound formed by the enzymatic conjugation of a substance with glucuronic acid, typically through a...
• Glue-sniffingThe act of intentionally inhaling the volatile organic solvent vapors from adhesives to experience their...
• GlutamateThe anion of glutamic acid, an amino acid that functions as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the...
• Glutamate-induced excitotoxicityNeuronal damage or death caused by excessive or prolonged activation of glutamate receptors, particularly...
• Glutamic acid decarboxylaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the...
• GlutenA composite of storage proteins, primarily gliadin and glutenin, found in the endosperm of wheat and related...
• Glycan microarrayA high-throughput analytical platform consisting of a solid surface onto which a collection of different...
• Glycan profilingThe systematic analysis and characterization of the glycan structures present in a biological sample. This...
• Glycan-binding proteinA protein that specifically recognizes and binds to carbohydrates (glycans), either as free sugars or as part...
• GlycansPolysaccharides or oligosaccharides composed of many monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic...
• GlyceridesEsters formed from glycerol and fatty acids. Depending on the number of fatty acid chains esterified to the...
• GlycerolipidsA class of lipids characterized by a glycerol backbone esterified with one or more fatty acids. This category...
• GlycerophospholipidA class of lipids that are major components of biological membranes, characterized by a glycerol backbone...
• Glycerophospholipids, see Glycerophospholipid
• Glyco-amino-acidAn amino acid molecule that has a carbohydrate moiety covalently attached to it. The carbohydrate can be...
• GlycoconjugateA compound in which one or more carbohydrate units, called glycans, are covalently linked to a...
• GlycoformA specific variant of a glycoprotein or glycolipid that differs in its attached glycan (carbohydrate)...
• GlycogeneA gene that encodes an enzyme or protein involved in the biosynthesis, modification, or degradation of...
• GlycolipidA class of lipids containing one or more monosaccharide residues linked by a glycosidic bond. These...
• Glycolipids, see Glycolipid
• GlycolsOrganic compounds containing two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to different carbon atoms. These diols are...
• GlycolysisA metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, generating a small amount of...
• GlycomeThe entire complement of glycans (carbohydrates) present in a cell, tissue, or organism, including free...
• GlycomicsThe systematic study of all glycan structures (the glycome) in a given cell type, tissue, or organism. This...
• GlyconeThe carbohydrate portion of a glycoside molecule, which is released upon hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond...
• GlycopeptidesCompounds consisting of a peptide chain linked covalently to one or more carbohydrate units, also known as...
• GlycoproteinA protein that has one or more oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to its polypeptide backbone. These...
• GlycoproteomicsThe large-scale study of glycoproteins, including their structures, functions, and expression patterns within...
• GlycosaminesAmino sugars in which the amino group replaces a hydroxyl group on the carbohydrate moiety. These compounds...
• GlycosaminoglycanLong, unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units, where one sugar is an amino...
• GlycosesA class of carbohydrates that are either monosaccharides or oligosaccharides. These compounds are...
• GlycosidaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages, breaking down complex carbohydrates like...
• GlycosidesCompounds formed from a carbohydrate and another non-carbohydrate compound, called an aglycone, through a...
• Glycosidic linkageA covalent bond that connects a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which can be another carbohydrate or...
• GlycosylA univalent radical derived from a cyclic monosaccharide or oligosaccharide by removal of the anomeric...
• Glycosyl groupA univalent radical derived from a cyclic monosaccharide by removal of the anomeric hydroxyl group. This...
• GlycosylaminesA class of compounds in which a glycosyl group is attached to an amino group, NR2, or a substituted amino...
• GlycosylationThe enzymatic process of attaching carbohydrate moieties (glycans) to proteins or lipids. This...
• GlycosyltransferaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds by transferring a monosaccharide unit from an...
• GnotobiotaThe entire collection of microorganisms living in or on a gnotobiotic organism, where all microbial species...
• GnotobioteAn animal in which every microorganism is known, having been raised in a sterile environment or introduced to...
• GoiterAn enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not the result of inflammation or neoplasia. The condition arises...
• GoitrogenA substance that interferes with the normal function of the thyroid gland, leading to an enlargement of the...
• Gold electrodeAn electrode constructed from gold metal, often used in electroanalytical chemistry due to its inertness and...
• Golgi stainingA histological staining method that impregnates individual neurons with silver chromate, allowing for the...
• GonadotropicRelating to substances that influence the function of the gonads, which are the testes in males and the...
• GonadotropinAny hormone that stimulates the function of the gonads, the primary reproductive organs. Produced mainly by...
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormoneA decapeptide hormone synthesized and released from the hypothalamus that controls the secretion of other...
• Good agricultural practiceA set of principles and practices applied to agricultural production processes, from pre-production to...
• Good laboratory practiceA set of principles and procedures established to promote the quality and integrity of non-clinical...
• Good laboratory practice principlesA quality system of management controls for non-clinical research laboratories and organizations conducting...
• Good manufacturing practiceA system of quality standards and procedures designed to control the manufacturing, testing, and quality...
• Goodpasture syndromeAn autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against specific components of the...
• gp120A glycoprotein found on the surface of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that facilitates its entry into...
• Γ-quantumA discrete packet of electromagnetic energy, also known as a photon, emitted from an atomic nucleus during a...
• Graafian follicleA large, fluid-filled, mature ovarian follicle containing a secondary oocyte, ready for ovulation. It...
• Grab samplingA method of collecting a single sample of a substance, such as air or water, at a specific location and time...
• Graded effectA type of dose-response relationship where the magnitude of the response in an individual increases with...
• Γ-radiationHigh-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from an atomic nucleus during radioactive decay or nuclear...
• GradientA gradual change in a physical or chemical property, such as temperature, pressure, or concentration, over a...
• Gradient elutionA procedure in liquid chromatography where the composition of the mobile phase is deliberately changed during...
• Gradient layerA stationary phase in chromatography, typically in thin-layer chromatography, where the properties of the...
• Gradient packingA method of preparing a chromatographic column where the packing material's properties, such as particle size...
• Gradient-selected experimentA nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment that uses pulsed field gradients to select specific coherence...
• Gradual potential-energy surfaceA representation of the potential energy of a molecular system as a function of its atomic coordinates...
• Graft copolymerA copolymer in which one or more blocks of monomer units are attached as side chains to a main chain of a...
• Graft copolymerizationAny polymerization process that leads to the formation of a graft copolymer, where side chains are attached...
• Graft homopolymerA macromolecule composed of a main chain and one or more side chains, where all chains are derived from the...
• Graft macromoleculeA macromolecule with one or more species of block connected to the main chain as side chains, differing in...
• Graft polymerA polymer in which side chains are attached to a main polymer backbone, with the side chains being chemically...
• Graft rejectionThe immunological response by the recipient's immune system against transplanted tissues or organs from a...
• GraftingThe process of attaching polymer chains as side branches onto a pre-existing polymer backbone. This can...
• Graft-versus-host diseaseA severe immunological complication that arises when immune cells from a transplanted donor (the graft)...
• Graft-versus-host reactionAn immune response initiated by immunocompetent cells present in a transplanted graft against the tissues of...
• GramA unit of mass in the metric system, defined as one thousandth of a kilogram. It is commonly used for...
• Gram stainA differential staining technique used to classify bacteria into two large groups: Gram-positive and...
• GraminicideA type of selective herbicide specifically designed to control grass weeds without harming broadleaf crops...
• Granular carbonA form of carbon material consisting of discrete particles with a defined size range, often produced from...
• GranulationA pharmaceutical process that converts fine powders into larger, more uniform aggregates called granules...
• Granule cellA small neuron characterized by its granular appearance, found in several regions of the brain, most notably...
• GranulesAgglomerations of smaller particles, such as powders, prepared to form a solid pharmaceutical dosage form...
• GranulocyteA type of white blood cell characterized by the presence of granules in its cytoplasm, which contain enzymes...
• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factorA glycoprotein that promotes the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into...
• Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factorA cytokine that stimulates the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and...
• GranulocytopeniaA medical condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration of granulocytes in the blood. This...
• GranulomaA localized collection of immune cells, primarily macrophages, that forms in response to persistent...
• GranulosaThe somatic cell layer lining the antral follicle in the ovary, surrounding the oocyte. These cells produce...
• GranzymeA family of serine proteases found in the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. These...
• Graph-based methodA computational approach that represents chemical structures, biological networks, or data relationships as...
• GrapheneA two-dimensional material consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It...
• GraphiteAn allotrope of carbon consisting of layers of graphene sheets stacked parallel to each other. Within each...
• Graphite fibresCarbon fibers that have undergone a high-temperature heat treatment process to achieve a highly graphitic...
• Graphite materialA substance primarily composed of graphitic carbon, characterized by its layered structure where carbon atoms...
• Graphite whiskersSingle-crystal filaments of graphite that exhibit exceptional mechanical properties due to their highly...
• Graphitic carbonA form of carbon material characterized by a structure composed of stacked graphene layers, similar to...
• GraphitizationA high-temperature heat treatment process that transforms non-graphitic carbon materials into a more ordered...
• Graphitization heat treatmentA high-temperature thermal process applied to carbon materials to induce the formation of graphitic...
• Graphitized carbonA carbon material that has undergone a high-temperature heat treatment, typically above 2000 °C, to develop a...
• Grasshopper effectA phenomenon describing the long-range atmospheric transport of semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants...
• Graves diseaseAn autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism, resulting from the immune system producing...
• Gravimetric analysisA quantitative chemical analysis method that determines the amount of an analyte by precisely measuring the...
• Gravimetric factorA conversion factor used in gravimetric analysis to calculate the mass of an analyte from the mass of a...
• Gravimetric methodAn analytical technique that determines the amount of an analyte by precisely measuring its mass or the mass...
• Gravitational constantA fundamental physical constant that quantifies the strength of the gravitational force between two objects...
• Gravitational field-flow fractionationA separation technique within the field-flow fractionation family that uses a gravitational field...
• GrayThe SI unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation, defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation...
• Γ-ray spectrometerAn instrument designed to measure the energy distribution of gamma radiation emitted from a source. It...
• Grazing incidenceA condition in spectroscopy or surface analysis where electromagnetic radiation strikes a surface at a very...
• Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering analysisA surface-sensitive analytical technique that probes the nanostructure of thin films and surfaces by...
• Greater omentumA large, apron-like fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach, covering...
• Green bodyAn unfired, shaped article composed of ceramic or metallic powder particles, often held together by a binder...
• Green chemistryA philosophical approach to the design of chemical products and processes that reduces or eliminates the use...
• Green cokeThe raw, uncalcined coke produced directly from the coking process, prior to further heat treatment. This...
• Green polymerA polymer designed, produced, and used in a manner that minimizes its environmental impact throughout its...
• Greenhouse effectThe process by which certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat, warming the planet's surface. These gases...
• Greenhouse gasesAtmospheric gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation, trapping heat within the Earth's atmosphere and...
• Grey matterThe tissue of the central nervous system composed primarily of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated...
• Gridless reflectronA type of ion mirror used in time-of-flight mass spectrometers that employs an electric field without...
• Grignard reagentsOrganomagnesium halides with the general formula R-Mg-X, where R is an alkyl or aryl group and X is a halogen...
• Grimm-type cathodeA hollow cathode design used in glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry for the analysis of solid...
• Groove bindingA mode of non-covalent interaction where a molecule, such as a drug or protein, binds within the major or...
• Ground level concentrationThe concentration of a pollutant or chemical substance measured at or near the Earth's surface, typically...
• Ground level inversionAn atmospheric condition where a layer of warmer air rests above a layer of cooler air at or very near the...
• Ground stateThe stationary state of lowest energy for a chemical entity, such as an atom, molecule, or ion. In this...
• Ground treatment of plantsThe application of a chemical substance, such as a pesticide or fertilizer, directly to the soil or other...
• Group electronegativityA measure of the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating ability of a substituent group within a molecule...
• Group frequencyA characteristic vibrational frequency in an infrared or Raman spectrum that is associated with the...
• Group preconcentrationA sample preparation technique where several analytes belonging to a specific chemical group are...
• Group-transfer polymerizationA type of chain polymerization where a catalytically active functional group is repeatedly transferred from...
• GrowthAn irreversible increase in a measurable attribute of an organism, part of an organism, or a population of...
• Growth curveA graphical representation showing the increase in the activity of a daughter radionuclide over time, as it...
• Growth dilutionA phenomenon where the concentration of a contaminant within an organism decreases as the organism grows, due...
• Growth factorA naturally occurring substance, typically a protein or steroid hormone, capable of stimulating cell...
• Growth hormoneA peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes growth, cell reproduction, and...
• Growth hormone releasing factorA neurohormone produced in the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete growth...
• Growth rateThe rate at which a population of organisms, such as microorganisms or cells, increases in number or biomass...
• Grunwald-Winstein equationA linear free-energy relationship used to correlate the rates of solvolysis reactions with the ionizing power...
• G-SIMSA variant of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) that uses a gas cluster ion beam as the primary ion...
• G-SIMS with fragmentation pathway mappingAn advanced G-SIMS technique that involves systematically analyzing the fragmentation patterns of molecules...
• Guard bandA specified interval outside the acceptance interval, used in conformity assessment to reduce the risk of...
• GubernaculumA cord of mesenchymal tissue that connects the fetal gonad to the developing inguinal region of the abdominal...
• GuestA molecule or ion that is bound within the cavity of a larger host molecule, forming a host-guest complex...
• Guideline for exposure limitsA recommended concentration of a chemical substance in a medium like air, water, or food, intended to protect...
• Guideline valueThe maximum concentration of a substance in a medium like air, water, or food that is not expected to cause...
• Guides to air qualityDocuments that provide information and recommendations regarding the levels of pollutants in the ambient air...
• Guides to environmental qualityDocuments that offer recommendations and information concerning the acceptable levels of substances or...
• GuildA group of species within a community that exploits the same class of environmental resources in a similar...
• Guillain-Barré syndromeAn acute, rapidly progressing inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nervous system, characterized by muscle...
• Guinea pig maximization testA standard animal test used to assess the potential of a substance to cause skin sensitization, an allergic...
• Guinier plotA graphical method used in small-angle scattering (SAS) to determine the radius of gyration (Rg) of particles...
• GustinessThe characteristic of atmospheric air movement marked by rapid and irregular fluctuations in wind speed and...
• Gut-associated lymphoid tissueThe collection of lymphoid tissue integrated within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, forming a major...

353 of 13,678 terms in Chemistry terminology (MLC-0109). Request the full dataset.