Chemistry terminology · MLC-0109

Chemistry terms: B (521)

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β, βnuc, βlgA measure of the susceptibility of a reaction to changes in the basicity of the leaving group or nucleophile...
B lymphocyteA type of white blood cell, or lymphocyte, that originates and matures in the bone marrow and is a key...
B-1/B-2 cellsTwo distinct subsets of B lymphocytes, differing in their developmental origin, location, and functional...
β2-microglobulinA small protein that forms the light chain of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I)...
B7 moleculeA family of co-stimulatory molecules expressed on antigen-presenting cells that interact with receptors on T...
Bacille Calmette-GuérinA live, attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis used as a vaccine against tuberculosis. It stimulates a...
Back donationThe synergistic interaction in coordination compounds where electron density is transferred from a filled...
Back electron transferThe transfer of an electron from a reduced species to an oxidized species within a geminate radical ion pair...
Back extractionThe transfer of a solute from an organic phase into a second aqueous phase. This process is the reverse of...
Back scatter coefficientThe ratio of the number of particles (such as electrons or ions) scattered back from a target material to the...
Back scattered electronsHigh-energy electrons from an incident beam that are elastically scattered out of a sample during electron...
Back titrationA titration method where an excess of a standard reagent is added to the analyte, and the unreacted excess is...
BackbitingAn intramolecular chain transfer reaction in radical polymerization where the propagating radical abstracts a...
BackflushA process in membrane filtration where the direction of fluid flow is temporarily reversed through the...
BackgroundThe signal recorded by a detector in a nuclear analytical measurement that does not originate from the...
Background concentrationThe typical concentration of a substance in an environmental medium, such as air, water, or soil, that is not...
Background continuum emissionA broad, continuous emission spectrum observed in analytical spectroscopy that is not directly related to the...
Background equivalent concentrationThe concentration of an element that produces, at a given wavelength, a signal equal in intensity to the...
Background indicationThe measured value obtained from a blank sample, which contains all reagents and solvents but lacks the...
Background mass spectrumA mass spectrum obtained from the instrument's environment or from residual components within the mass...
Background radiationIonizing radiation originating from natural sources, such as cosmic rays, terrestrial radionuclides in rocks...
Back-mutationA genetic mutation that restores the original wild-type sequence or phenotype that was lost due to an earlier...
BackscatterThe deflection of radiation, such as light, X-rays, or electrons, through an angle greater than 90 degrees...
Backscattered electronAn electron from the primary incident beam that has undergone elastic scattering within a solid sample and...
Backscattering analysisAn analytical technique that involves directing a beam of energetic particles (e.g., alpha particles or ions)...
Backscattering correction factorA numerical factor applied in quantitative surface analysis techniques, such as Auger electron spectroscopy...
Backscattering energyThe kinetic energy of a particle (e.g., an electron or ion) that has been scattered backward from a target...
Backscattering fractionThe ratio, in Auger electron spectroscopy, of the Auger current produced by ionizations due to electrons...
Backscattering spectrumA plot of the number of detected backscattered particles as a function of their kinetic energy, obtained in...
Backscattering yieldThe number of backscattered electrons emitted per incident primary electron when a sample is irradiated. This...
Back-up compoundA molecule chosen to stand in for the lead drug candidate if that candidate fails in later preclinical...
Backward chainingA goal-driven inference strategy used in expert systems and artificial intelligence, where the system starts...
Backward propagationAn algorithm used in artificial neural networks to train the model by adjusting its internal weights. It...
Backward stepwise linear discriminant analysisA statistical method for classifying observations into predefined groups by iteratively removing variables...
Bacterial artificial chromosomeA DNA construct, derived from a bacterial F-plasmid, used for cloning and stably maintaining large DNA...
BactericideA chemical substance or physical agent capable of killing bacteria. Unlike a bacteriostatic agent, which only...
Β-adrenergic receptorA type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds to catecholamines such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and...
Baffle chamberA gas cleaning device that uses a series of plates or baffles to change the direction and reduce the velocity...
Bag filterA fabric filtration device used to remove particulate matter from a gas stream by passing the gas through a...
BagassosisA type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or extrinsic allergic alveolitis, caused by inhaling dust from...
BaghouseA large air pollution control system containing multiple fabric filter bags arranged in compartments...
Bainite transitionA phase transformation in steel that occurs at temperatures between those for pearlite and martensite...
BakingA heat treatment process applied to carbonaceous materials, particularly carbon mixes, to convert a binder...
BALB/c mouseAn inbred strain of albino laboratory mouse, widely used in immunology, cancer research, and toxicology...
Baldwin's rulesA set of empirical rules used to predict the favorability of intramolecular ring-forming reactions in organic...
Ball crateringA destructive method for determining the thickness of thin films or coatings by grinding a spherical crater...
Β-amyloidA peptide of 36 to 43 amino acids that is the main component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of...
Band shapeThe characteristic profile of an absorption or emission band in a spectrum, determined by factors such as...
Band spectraSpectra characterized by groups of closely spaced lines that appear as broad bands, arising from transitions...
Bandgap energyThe minimum amount of energy required to promote a valence electron from its bound state in the valence band...
Bandpass filterAn optical filter that transmits light within a specific range of wavelengths while blocking or attenuating...
Band-to-band recombinationA process in semiconductors where an electron from the conduction band directly recombines with a hole in the...
BarA non-SI unit of pressure, defined as exactly 100,000 pascals (Pa). While not part of the International...
Bar testA catalepsy test in which a mouse is set on a horizontal bar roughly 2.5 cm above the ground and the time it...
BarbituratesA class of drugs that are derivatives of barbituric acid, a cyclic compound formed from urea and malonic...
Bare lymphocyte syndromeA rare, inherited immunodeficiency disorder characterized by the inability of immune cells to express major...
BarnA non-SI unit of area used to express the effective cross-sectional area of a target nucleus in nuclear and...
Barnes mazeA behavioral task used to assess spatial learning and memory in rodents, particularly in studies of...
Barotropic mesophaseA liquid crystalline phase whose existence and properties are primarily dependent on pressure rather than...
Barton reactionA photochemical reaction involving the homolytic cleavage of a nitrite ester to generate an alkoxyl radical...
Basal gangliaA group of interconnected subcortical nuclei located deep within the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. These...
Basal laminaA thin, extracellular layer of specialized connective tissue that underlies epithelial cells and surrounds...
BaseA chemical species that can accept a proton (Brønsted-Lowry base) or donate a pair of electrons (Lewis base)...
Base electrolyteAn electrolyte solution in which the substance to be determined is dissolved for an electroanalytical...
Base kind of quantityA fundamental property of a phenomenon, body, or substance that can be quantified and serves as a basis for...
Base pairTwo nucleobases located on opposing strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule, such as DNA or RNA...
Base pairingThe specific association between two complementary nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids, primarily adenine with...
Base peakThe most intense peak in a mass spectrum, representing the ion that is most abundant. This peak is assigned a...
Base peak chromatogramA type of chromatogram generated in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid...
Base quantityA quantity in a system of quantities that is chosen by convention to be independent of other quantities in...
Base quencherA basic compound added to a chemically amplified resist formulation to control the diffusion and reaction of...
Base sequence analysisThe process of determining the precise order of nucleotides (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) within...
Base unitThe unit adopted by convention for one of the base quantities in a system of units, from which the units of...
BaselineThe portion of a chromatogram recorded when only the mobile phase is passing through the detector, showing...
Baseline errorA systematic error in a spectrometric reading that arises when the two light paths of a double-beam...
Baseline toxicityThe minimum level of toxicity exerted by a chemical due to its physical presence in biological membranes...
Basement membraneA specialized extracellular matrix that forms a sheet-like structure separating epithelial and endothelial...
Basic local alignment search toolA bioinformatics algorithm used to compare primary biological sequence information, such as amino acid...
BasicityThe inherent ability of a chemical species to act as a base, quantified by its tendency to accept a proton or...
Basis functionA mathematical function centered on an atom, used as a building block to construct molecular orbitals in...
Basis setA collection of mathematical functions used to represent the atomic orbitals in quantum chemical...
Basis set superposition errorAn artifact that arises in quantum chemical calculations of interaction energies between two or more...
BasophilA type of granulocyte, a white blood cell characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules that stain...
Basophilic degranulationThe process by which basophils release the contents of their cytoplasmic granules, including histamine...
Basting solventThe solvent in which a photoresist, or another thin-film component such as a bottom anti-reflective coating...
BatchA defined quantity of a material, such as a product or a sample, that is presumed to be uniform in...
Batch emulsion polymerisationAn emulsion polymerization process where all components, including monomer, initiator, surfactant, and water...
Batch extractionA liquid-liquid extraction technique where a sample solution is mixed with an immiscible solvent in a single...
Batch operationA way of running an analytical instrument in which one or more procedures must be finished for a group of...
Batch reactorA type of chemical reactor where reactants are loaded into the vessel, allowed to react for a specific...
Bateman functionA mathematical model used in pharmacokinetics to describe the time course of drug concentration in a central...
Bathochromic shiftThe shift of a spectral band in the absorption, emission, or fluorescence spectrum of a chemical compound to...
BayesianRelating to a statistical approach that updates the probability for a hypothesis as more evidence or...
Bayesian probabilityA measure of belief or confidence in the occurrence of an event or the truth of a hypothesis, which is...
Bayesian regularized neural networkA type of artificial neural network that incorporates Bayesian regularization techniques to improve...
Bayesian statisticsA framework for statistical inference where probability is interpreted as a measure of belief or confidence...
Bayes’s theoremA mathematical formula that describes the probability of an event, based on prior knowledge of conditions...
Bayley scaleA standardized series of assessments used to evaluate the developmental functioning of infants and toddlers...
Β-blockerA class of pharmaceutical agents that antagonize the effects of catecholamines by blocking β-adrenergic...
B-cell receptorA transmembrane protein complex located on the surface of B lymphocytes that recognizes and binds to specific...
B-cell stimulatory factorA cytokine that induces the activation, proliferation, or differentiation of B lymphocytes, which are central...
Bcl-2A family of proteins that regulate programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Some members, like Bcl-2 itself, are...
Β-cleavageA fragmentation reaction in mass spectrometry where a bond breaks that is located beta (β) to a radical site...
Β-decayA type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted from an atomic...
Bead injectionA flow-based analytical technique that introduces a small, packed bed of solid-phase material into a flowing...
BeadingA pathological change in the morphology of axons, characterized by the formation of irregular swellings or...
Bead-rod modelA model of a flexible chain macromolecule as a sequence of beads, each exerting hydrodynamic drag on the...
Bead-spring modelA theoretical representation of a polymer chain where monomers are depicted as beads connected by entropic...
Beam bunchingA narrowing of the time spread over which the ions of a pulse arrive, achieved by slowing the leading ions or...
Beam chopperA device used to periodically interrupt or modulate a continuous beam of radiation or particles, creating a...
Beam currentThe total electric current carried by a beam of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, in an...
Beam diameterThe diameter of a beam, taken in surface analysis as the diameter within which 68 percent of the electrons...
Beam footprintThe area on a sample surface that is illuminated or irradiated by an incident beam of radiation or particles...
Beam mass spectrometerA type of mass spectrometer where ions are generated, accelerated, and then separated based on their...
Beam spill-offThe portion of the incident X-ray beam that misses the specimen in X-ray reflectometry, because at small...
Beam splitterAn optical device that divides a single incident beam of light into two or more separate beams. This division...
Beam walking testA behavioral assessment used in neurotoxicology and neuroscience research to evaluate motor coordination...
BecquerelThe SI derived unit of activity of a radionuclide, defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive...
Bed volumeThe total volume occupied by the stationary phase, typically a packed bed of particles, within a...
Beer-Lambert lawA fundamental law in spectroscopy that relates the attenuation of light through a substance to the properties...
Before mass analysisThe total ion current measured before mass analysis: the combined current of all ions of one sign, usually...
Behavioural teratologyThe study of structural or functional birth defects, particularly those affecting behavior and...
Behavioural toxicologyThe scientific discipline that investigates the adverse effects of chemical substances on the nervous system...
Behcet diseaseA chronic, multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers, skin...
Belief theoryA framework for reasoning with uncertainty that generalizes probability theory by assigning belief mass to...
Β-eliminationAn elimination reaction in which two atoms or groups are removed from adjacent carbon atoms, specifically the...
Bell stageA stage in tooth development where the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle differentiate into...
Bell-Evans-Polanyi principleA principle stating that for a series of related reactions, the activation energy is linearly related to the...
Bence-Jones proteinMonoclonal immunoglobulin light chains, either kappa or lambda, found in the urine of patients with certain...
Benchmark concentrationA statistical lower confidence limit on a concentration that produces a predetermined change in response (the...
Benchmark doseA dose that produces a predetermined change in response, known as the benchmark response, in a specified...
Benchmark guidance valueA guidance value for biological monitoring, placed at the 90th percentile of results measured at a...
Benchmark responseA predetermined change in an adverse effect, relative to a control group, used to define a point of departure...
Bending of energy bandsThe curvature of the electronic energy bands in a semiconductor or insulator near an interface, caused by a...
Beneficial metalA metal that, while not strictly required for the survival of an organism, provides a positive effect on its...
BenefitA positive outcome or advantage derived from an action, exposure, or intervention, often considered in the...
BenignDescribing a condition or growth that is not malignant and does not invade surrounding tissues or spread to...
Benign monoclonal gammopathyA condition characterized by the presence of a monoclonal immunoglobulin or its fragments in the blood or...
BenthicRelating to the bottom of a body of water, such as an ocean, lake, or river. This ecological zone includes...
Benton testA neuropsychological assessment tool used to evaluate visual memory and visuospatial abilities. It involves...
Bent's ruleA principle in chemistry that describes the relationship between the hybridization of a central atom and the...
Benzenium ionsCarbocations formed by the electrophilic attack on a benzene ring, resulting in a positively charged...
Benzyl ionA carbocation with the chemical formula C7H7+, consisting of a phenyl group attached to a methylene group...
Benzylic groupsArylmethyl groups ArCR2-, in which a saturated carbon atom is bonded directly to an aromatic ring, benzyl...
Benzylic intermediatesReactive chemical species, such as carbocations, carbanions, or radicals, where the charge or unpaired...
Benzynes1,2-Didehydrobenzene, C6H4, the parent aryne, together with its substituted derivatives. It is a strained...
Bernoullian distributionA statistical distribution describing the probability of success or failure in a single trial, often applied...
Beryllium diseaseA chronic lung disease, also known as berylliosis, caused by exposure to beryllium dust or fumes. It is...
Best-in-classDescribing a drug that is considered the most effective in its therapeutic category, or 'class', for treating...
Beta relaxationA secondary relaxation process observed in polymers below the glass transition temperature, involving...
Beta relaxation peakA distinct maximum observed in the mechanical or dielectric loss curve of an amorphous polymer, occurring at...
Beta-barrelA common protein structural motif composed of multiple beta-strands arranged in a circular fashion to form a...
BetainesNeutral chemical compounds that possess both a positively charged functional group and a negatively charged...
Beta-sheetA common secondary structure in proteins, formed by two or more polypeptide strands aligned side-by-side and...
Beta-sheet breakerA molecule designed to disrupt the formation or stability of beta-sheet structures in proteins. These agents...
BetweenanenesBicyclic alkenes whose double bond joins the two bridgehead carbons, with both bridges attached trans across...
Biased linear pulse amplifierAn electronic circuit designed to amplify electrical pulses while maintaining their linear proportionality to...
Biased sampleA subset of a population selected in a way that some members of the population are more likely to be included...
Bicornate uterusA congenital uterine anomaly where the uterus is heart-shaped, having two distinct horns or cavities that are...
Bicycle rearrangementA photochemical rearrangement of unsaturated molecules in which a group migrates over the perimeter of a pi...
Bicycle-pedal mechanismA volume-conserving mechanism proposed by Warshel for the photoisomerization of conjugated polyenes such as...
BidentateDescribing a ligand that possesses two donor atoms capable of simultaneously forming coordinate bonds to a...
Biel water mazeA water labyrinth described by Biel in 1940, in which a rodent is made to swim through the maze until it...
BiflavonoidsA class of natural phenolic compounds formed by the oxidative coupling of two flavonoid monomer units. The...
Bifunctional catalysisA catalytic process where a single catalyst species or system incorporates two distinct functional groups...
BifurcationA point in a reaction pathway where a single transition state leads to two or more distinct reaction products...
Bilaminar embryoAn early stage of embryonic development characterized by the formation of two distinct germ layers: the...
Bilinear equationA non-linear QSAR equation, proposed by Kubinyi, that relates biological potency, expressed as log 1/C, to...
BilirubinA yellowish pigment produced during the normal breakdown of heme, a component of red blood cells. It is...
Bimetallic electrodeAn electrode constructed from two different metallic materials, often used in potentiometric or amperometric...
Bimodal distributionA frequency distribution characterized by two distinct peaks or modes, indicating the presence of two...
Bimodal networkA polymer network whose strands between adjacent junction points fall into two distinct groups of very...
Binary copolymerisationA polymerization process involving two different types of monomers that react to form a copolymer. The...
Binary elastic scatteringAn interaction where an incident particle collides with a target atom, resulting in a change in the...
Binary elastic scattering peakA distinct feature in an energy spectrum that corresponds to incident particles that have undergone a single...
Binary systemA system composed of exactly two distinct chemical components, which are substances whose concentrations can...
BinderA substance, often an organic material like pitch or resin, added to a particulate material to hold it...
Binder cokeThe carbonaceous residue formed from the pyrolysis of a binder material during the baking process of a carbon...
Binding assayA laboratory technique used to measure the interaction between two molecules, such as a ligand and its...
Binding capacityThe maximum amount of a specific analyte that can bind to a given quantity of a binding agent under defined...
Binding energyThe net stabilization energy resulting from the formation of a chemical species in its ground state from a...
Binding isothermA graphical representation showing the amount of a substance bound to a receptor or adsorbent as a function...
Binding siteA specific region on a molecule, typically a protein or nucleic acid, where another molecule (a ligand) can...
Bingham flowA type of non-Newtonian fluid behavior where the fluid behaves as a rigid body at low stresses but flows as a...
BinodalA curve on a phase diagram that separates a single-phase region from a two-phase region, representing the...
BioaccessibilityThe fraction of a substance, such as a nutrient or contaminant, that is released from its matrix and becomes...
BioaccessibleDescribing the fraction of a substance ingested by an organism that is released from its matrix within the...
BioaccumulationThe net uptake and retention of a substance by an organism from all environmental sources, including food...
Bioaccumulation factorA ratio that quantifies the extent to which a chemical accumulates in an organism relative to its...
Bioaccumulation potentialThe inherent propensity of a chemical substance to accumulate in living organisms, specifically within their...
BioactivationThe metabolic process by which a less toxic or inactive chemical compound is converted into a more toxic or...
BioactiveDescribing a substance or material that elicits a specific, measurable biological response when introduced...
BioactivityThe ability of a substance or material to interact with a biological system and produce a specific effect...
BioadhesionThe process by which a natural or synthetic material adheres to a biological surface, such as tissue or a...
BioalterationThe modification of a material's properties or structure due to its interaction with a biological...
Bioanalytical chemistryA subdiscipline of analytical chemistry focused on the measurement of substances in biological matrices, such...
BioassayA method for determining the concentration or potency of a substance by measuring its effect on living...
BioassimilationThe process by which living organisms absorb and incorporate substances from their environment into their...
BioavailabilityThe fraction of an administered dose of a chemical substance that reaches the systemic circulation in an...
BioavailableDescribing a chemical substance that is in a form capable of being absorbed by an organism and subsequently...
BiobasedDescribing a material or product that is wholly or partly derived from biomass, which includes material of...
BiocatalystA substance of biological origin, typically an enzyme or a whole microorganism, that accelerates the rate of...
BiocenosisA community of interacting living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, that inhabit a...
Biochemical mechanismThe detailed sequence of molecular events and interactions through which a chemical substance produces a...
Biochemical oxygen demandThe mass concentration of dissolved oxygen consumed under specified conditions by the biological oxidation of...
BiochipA miniaturized device that integrates biological components, such as DNA, proteins, or cells, with electronic...
BiocideA chemical substance or microorganism formulated to destroy, deter, or render harmless any unwanted organism...
Biocompatible solid-phase microextractionA sample preparation technique where a fiber coated with an extraction phase is directly immersed into a...
BioconcentrationThe net accumulation of a chemical substance directly from water into an aquatic organism, resulting in a...
Bioconcentration factorA ratio that expresses the concentration of a chemical in an aquatic organism relative to its concentration...
BioconjugateA molecule formed by the covalent attachment of two or more biomolecules, or a biomolecule and a...
BiodegradabilityThe capability of a material to undergo degradation due to the action of naturally occurring microorganisms...
BiodegradableDescribing a substance or material that can be broken down by biological processes, primarily through the...
Biodegradable polymerA polymeric material that undergoes degradation due to the action of biological agents such as...
BiodegradationThe decomposition of organic substances by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, into simpler...
BiodisintegrationThe physical breakdown of a polymer into smaller pieces as a result of biological action, without any change...
BiodiversityThe variety of life on Earth at all levels, encompassing genetic diversity within species, species diversity...
Biodiversity action planA strategic document that outlines specific measures and targets for the conservation and enhancement of...
BioelectronicsAn interdisciplinary field that combines principles of biology and electronics to develop devices and systems...
BioeliminationThe irreversible removal of a substance from a living organism through metabolic transformation or excretion...
BioequivalenceThe state where two pharmaceutical products, typically a generic and a brand-name drug, exhibit comparable...
BioerosionThe gradual loss of mass from a material due to biological processes, often involving enzymatic hydrolysis or...
BiofilmA community of microbial cells attached to a surface, living or inert, and surrounded by a slimy matrix that...
BiofragmentationThe degradation of a polymer into lower molar mass fragments through a biological process. This breakdown is...
Biogeochemical cycleThe pathway through which a chemical substance or element moves through the biotic (biosphere) and abiotic...
BioinactivationThe process by which a biologically active substance, such as a drug or toxin, loses its activity within a...
BioinformaticsThe application of computational tools and statistical methods to analyze and interpret large sets of...
BioisostereA chemical substituent or group that has similar physical or chemical properties to another and produces...
BiokineticsThe study of the rates of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of substances within a living...
BiolisticsA method for introducing foreign genetic material into cells by accelerating microscopic particles coated...
Biological agentA microorganism, toxin, or other substance derived from living organisms that can cause disease or adverse...
Biological cycleA series of events that occur in a recurring pattern within a biological system, often involving the growth...
Biological determinantA measurable characteristic of an organism that reflects its exposure to a substance, its susceptibility to a...
Biological effect monitoringThe measurement and assessment of biological responses in individuals or populations that indicate exposure...
Biological exposure indexA reference value for the concentration of a chemical or its metabolite in a biological sample, such as blood...
Biological half lifeThe time required for half of a substance, such as a drug or radionuclide, to be eliminated from a biological...
Biological indicatorAn organism or a biological response that provides information about the quality of the environment or the...
Biological monitoringThe systematic measurement of chemical substances or their metabolites in biological samples from individuals...
Biological preparationA substance or mixture derived from living organisms, such as vaccines, antibodies, or cell extracts...
Biological productA medicinal product derived from living organisms or their components, including vaccines, blood products...
Biological recognition elementA component of a biosensor or bioanalytical assay that specifically interacts with a target analyte. This...
Biological specimenA sample of material, such as tissue, blood, urine, or hair, collected from a living organism for laboratory...
Biological tolerance values for working materialsMaximum permissible concentrations of a chemical substance or its metabolites in biological fluids or tissues...
Biological warfareThe intentional use of biological agents, such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins, to cause disease or death in...
BioluminescenceThe emission of light from a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction. This chemiluminescence...
BiomagnificationThe process by which the concentration of a substance, such as a persistent pollutant, increases in organisms...
Biomagnification factorA quantitative measure of the increase in concentration of a substance in an organism relative to its...
BiomarkerA measurable indicator of a biological state, process, or condition within an organism. It can be a molecule...
Biomarker of effectA measurable alteration in a biological system that indicates a response to exposure to an external agent...
Biomarker of exposureA measurable substance in an organism that indicates contact with an environmental agent. This can be the...
Biomarker of susceptibilityA measurable indicator that reflects an individual's inherent or acquired predisposition to develop an...
BiomaterialA material, synthetic or natural, intended to interact with biological systems for medical purposes. These...
BiomeA large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, characterized by its...
BiomedicalRelating to the application of scientific and engineering principles to medicine and biology, particularly...
BiomimeticRelating to or involving the imitation of biological processes, structures, or functions found in nature to...
BiomineralizationThe process by which living organisms produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues. This...
BiomodificationThe modification of a substance's chemical makeup or physical behaviour by the action of living organisms or...
BiomoleculeAny molecule that is present in living organisms, including large macromolecules as well as smaller molecules...
BiomonitorAn organism or a biological system used to detect, quantify, or assess the effects of environmental...
Biomonitoring type 1A form of biological monitoring that determines community changes along a pollution gradient, or among sites...
Biomonitoring type 2A form of biological monitoring that determines the bioaccumulation of contaminants in organisms among sites...
Biomonitoring type 3A form of biological monitoring that assesses effects on organisms, for example through biochemical markers...
Biomonitoring type 4A form of biological monitoring that determines genetically based resistance in populations living in...
b-ionA peptide fragment ion that contains the N-terminus, formed when a protonated peptide dissociates at the...
BiopanningA screening technique used to identify ligands that bind to a specific target molecule from a library of...
BiopesticideA type of pesticide derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals...
BiopharmaceuticsThe study of the physical and chemical properties of a drug substance, the dosage form, and the route of...
BioplasticA plastic material that is either biobased, biodegradable, or features both characteristics. Biobased...
BiopolymersPolymers produced by living organisms, consisting of monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form...
BioprosthesisA prosthesis, or artificial body part, constructed from materials of biological origin that have been...
BiopsyThe medical procedure of removing a small sample of tissue or cells from a living organism for microscopic...
BioreactorA vessel or apparatus designed to maintain a biologically active environment for the growth of cells or...
BiorecognitionThe specific interaction between biological molecules, such as an antibody binding to an antigen, or an...
BiorelatedDescribing materials, processes, or systems that interact with or are derived from biological systems. This...
BioremediationA process that uses living organisms, such as microbes, fungi, or plants, to degrade or transform hazardous...
BioresorbabilityThe characteristic of a material to be gradually absorbed and eliminated by the body after fulfilling its...
BioresorbableDescribing a material that can be completely absorbed and eliminated by a biological system over time...
BioresorptionThe process by which a material, typically an implant, is gradually broken down and assimilated or eliminated...
BiosensorAn analytical device that combines a biological recognition element, such as an enzyme, antibody, or nucleic...
BiosphereThe global ecological system encompassing all living organisms and their interactions with the physical...
BiostabilityThe ability of a polymer or material to resist chemical or physical changes when exposed to a biological...
BiostaticRelating to a substance or agent that inhibits the growth and reproduction of living organisms, particularly...
BiosynthesisThe formation of a compound inside a living cell through a sequence of enzyme-catalysed reactions that...
Biota-sediment accumulation factorThe ratio of the concentration of a chemical in the tissue of an aquatic organism to its concentration in the...
BiotechnologyThe application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents...
BioticRelating to or derived from living organisms, or the biological processes occurring within them. In the...
Biotic indexA numerical ranking of the biological quality of a water body or ecosystem, calculated from how many...
Biotic ligandA specific binding site on a biological organism, such as a cell membrane or a protein, where a chemical...
Biotic ligand modelA predictive framework used in ecotoxicology to assess the toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms...
Biotic scoreA numerical value assigned to an organism or a group of organisms based on their sensitivity or tolerance to...
BiotopeA spatially uniform ecological environment that provides a specific set of living conditions for a...
BiotransformationA change in the chemical structure of a compound carried out by living cells or by enzyme preparations...
BioturbationThe disturbance of sediment layers by living organisms, primarily through burrowing, feeding, or locomotion...
Biphasic dose-effect modelA representation of the relationship between the dose of a substance and its effect, where the effect changes...
Biphasic systemA chemical system composed of two distinct, immiscible phases that coexist in equilibrium. These phases can...
Biphotonic excitationA single coherent event in which a molecule absorbs two photons at once, whether of equal or different...
Biphotonic processA photochemical process that involves the absorption of two photons by a molecule to initiate a chemical or...
BiplotA graphical representation that simultaneously displays both the observations (samples) and the variables...
Bipolar disorderA mental disorder characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels, cycling between...
BipolaronsQuasiparticles formed in conducting polymers or other materials when two polarons combine, resulting in a...
BiradicalA molecule with an even number of electrons and two radical centers that behave almost independently, leaving...
BirthThe process of emerging from the mother's body, or from an egg, to begin an independent existence. This...
Birth defectA structural, functional, or metabolic abnormality present at birth that results from genetic, environmental...
Birth rateThe number of live births per unit of population over a specified period, usually expressed per 1,000...
Bisecting conformationA conformation of a grouping R3C-C(Y)=X in which the double bond C=X lies in the plane bisecting two of the R...
BismuthanesSaturated bismuth hydrides in which every bismuth atom is trivalent, with the formula BinHn+2, the simplest...
BismuthinesOrganic compounds containing at least one bismuth-carbon bond, formally derived from bismuth hydride (BiH3)...
Bispecific antibodyA type of artificial antibody that possesses two different antigen-binding sites, allowing it to...
BisphenolsA class of organic compounds characterized by two hydroxyphenyl groups connected by a bridging carbon atom or...
Bit stringA sequence of binary digits, 0s and 1s, used in computational chemistry to encode molecular information. Each...
BivaneA meteorological instrument designed to measure both horizontal and vertical components of wind velocity. It...
Black bodyAn idealised body that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation falling on it, whatever the wavelength or angle...
Black filmA thin liquid film that appears black when viewed by reflected light because its thickness is much smaller...
Blackbody infrared radiative dissociationA technique used in mass spectrometry to fragment ions by heating them through absorption of infrared...
Black-body-like photocatalytic reactorA photoreactor in which the catalyst, as a powder layer or a concentrated dispersion, is thick enough that...
Blade formatA specific configuration for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) devices where the sorbent material is coated...
Blank correctionAn adjustment made to an analytical result to account for the contribution of the blank indication. This...
Blank indicationThe measured value obtained when a blank material is subjected to the entire analytical measurement...
Blank materialA substance or matrix that is identical to the sample matrix but does not contain the analyte of interest. It...
Blank nominal indicationA nominal indication taken from an object resembling the one being examined, differing only in that the...
Blank titrationA titration performed on a solution containing all reagents except the analyte. This procedure determines the...
Blank valueThe measured response obtained from a blank sample, which contains no analyte but is otherwise treated...
BlastAn immature, undifferentiated precursor cell, particularly a lymphoblast or myeloblast, that is actively...
BlastemaA mass of undifferentiated cells that has the capacity to develop into an organ or a body part. This...
BlastocoelThe fluid-filled cavity inside the blastula, formed during cleavage when ions and water are actively...
BlastocystA structure formed in the early development of mammals, consisting of an inner cell mass that will form the...
BlastomereAn individual cell produced by the mitotic divisions, known as cleavage, of a fertilized egg. These cells...
BlastulaAn early stage of embryonic development characterized by a hollow sphere of cells, the blastomeres...
BlastulationThe process in early embryonic development where a morula, a solid ball of cells, is transformed into a...
Blau syndromeA rare, autosomal dominant genetic inflammatory disorder characterized by the triad of granulomatous...
Blaze-angleThe specific angle of the grooves on a diffraction grating relative to the grating's surface, designed to...
BleachingA photochemical process where a chromophore undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to a loss of its...
BlobAn imagined spherical region of space that holds the stretch of a polymer chain bounded by two adjacent...
Bloch equationsA set of coupled differential equations that describe the time-dependent behavior of a nuclear spin's...
Bloch-Siegert shiftA small shift of the resonance frequency of a nuclear spin, caused by the counter-rotating component of a...
BlockA stretch of a polymer chain made up of many constitutional units and differing from the segments on either...
Block copolymerA macromolecule composed of two or more polymeric blocks of different chemical compositions or constitutional...
Block homopolymerA homopolymer whose macromolecules contain blocks that differ from their neighbours in a constitutional or...
Block macromoleculeA macromolecule in which the constituent monomeric units are arranged in a linear sequence of blocks. Each...
Block polymerA polymer composed of two or more blocks, where each block is a segment of the polymer chain with distinct...
BlockingThe process of reducing non-specific binding of analytes or reagents to surfaces in bioanalytical assays...
Blocking antibodyAn antibody that binds to a specific antigen and prevents it from interacting with its normal receptor or...
Blocking geometryAn arrangement in which a single-crystal target is oriented so that its lines or sheets of atoms point from...
BloodA circulating bodily fluid in animals that transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products. It is...
Blood cellA cellular component found in blood, responsible for specific physiological functions within the circulatory...
Blood cell countA quantitative measurement of the number of specific cell types present in a given volume of blood. This...
Blood dyscrasiaAny abnormal condition or disorder affecting the cellular components of the blood, including red blood cells...
Blood groupA system for categorizing blood, determined by the specific inherited antigens present on the exterior...
Blood group antigenA specific carbohydrate or protein molecule located on the surface of red blood cells that determines an...
Blood transfusionThe process of transferring whole blood or blood components from one person (the donor) into the bloodstream...
Blood-brain barrierA highly selective physiological barrier formed by endothelial cells lining the capillaries of the central...
Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrierA physiological barrier formed by the choroid plexus epithelial cells that regulates the passage of...
Blood-placenta barrierA biological interface between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems within the placenta. This barrier...
Blood-retinal barrierA specialized physiological barrier that regulates the passage of molecules from the blood into the retina...
Blood-testis barrierA physical barrier formed by tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules...
Bloom syndromeA genetic condition resulting from mutations in the BLM gene, which encodes a DNA helicase protein...
BlottingA molecular biology technique used to transfer separated macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, or proteins, from...
BlowdownThe controlled release of a portion of the circulating water from a cooling tower or boiler system to prevent...
Blue shiftA shift of a spectral band to a higher frequency or shorter wavelength, observed in absorption, emission, or...
B-lymphocyte chemokineA signaling protein that attracts B lymphocytes to specific locations within lymphoid tissues. These...
B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1A transcriptional repressor protein that drives the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes into...
Β-N-acetylhexosaminidaseA lysosomal enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal N-acetyl-D-hexosamines from glycoconjugates...
Body burdenThe total amount of a specific chemical substance, such as a heavy metal or a persistent organic pollutant...
BohrA unit of length, also known as the Bohr radius, representing the most probable distance between the proton...
Bohr magnetonA fundamental physical constant representing the magnetic dipole moment of an electron, arising from its...
Bohr radiusA physical constant representing the most probable distance between the proton and the electron in a...
BoloamphiphileA type of amphiphilic molecule characterized by having two hydrophilic head groups connected by a single...
BolometerA radiation detector that measures the total power of incident electromagnetic radiation by sensing the...
Boltzmann constantA fundamental physical constant that relates the average kinetic energy of particles in a gas to the absolute...
Boltzmann distribution of nuclear spinsThe statistical spread of nuclear spins over their energy levels at thermal equilibrium in a magnetic field...
Boltzmann enhanced discrimination of receiver operating characteristicA computational method used in virtual screening to improve the early enrichment of active compounds from a...
BolusA single, relatively large dose of a substance, such as a drug or nutrient, administered intravenously or...
Bomb-digestionA sample preparation technique that involves heating a sample in a sealed, high-pressure vessel (a bomb) with...
BondA lasting attraction between atoms, ions, or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. This...
Bond dissociationThe process by which a chemical bond breaks, separating a molecule into two or more fragments. This can occur...
Bond energyThe average enthalpy change required to break a specific type of bond in one mole of gaseous molecules. This...
Bond enthalpyThe average energy required to break one mole of a specific type of bond in a gaseous molecule. This value is...
Bond lengthThe average distance between the nuclei of two atoms that are chemically bonded together in a molecule. This...
Bond numberThe number of electron pairs forming the covalent bond between two atoms in a Lewis formula representation of...
Bond orbitalA localized molecular orbital that describes the electron density specifically associated with a chemical...
Bond orderA measure of the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms, indicating the strength and stability of...
Bond-dissociation energyThe enthalpy change required to break a specific bond in a molecule, resulting in two radical fragments. This...
Bond-dissociation enthalpyThe standard enthalpy change associated with the homolytic cleavage of a specific bond in a gaseous molecule...
Bonded phaseA stationary phase in chromatography where the active functional groups are chemically attached to the...
Bond-energy-bond-order methodA semi-empirical method used in chemical kinetics to estimate potential energy surfaces for chemical...
Bonding molecular orbitalA molecular orbital formed by the constructive interference of atomic orbitals, resulting in increased...
Bonding numberThe number of bonds formed by a skeletal atom in a parent hydride, counted as its bonds to neighboring...
Bond-stretch isomersIsomers that possess identical atomic connectivity but differ significantly in the length of one or more...
Bone ageA measure of skeletal maturity determined by assessing the degree of ossification and development of bones...
Bone cementA self-curing polymeric material, typically polymethyl methacrylate, used in orthopedic surgery to fix...
Bone marrowThe soft, spongy tissue found within the cavities of bones, responsible for the production of blood cells...
Bone marrow transplantationA medical procedure to replace a person's diseased or damaged bone marrow with healthy hematopoietic stem...
Bone morphogenetic proteinA group of multifunctional growth factors that induce the formation of new bone and cartilage. As signaling...
Bone morphogenetic protein-4A specific protein within the bone morphogenetic protein family that acts as a signaling molecule in...
Boomerang effectA phenomenon in ecotoxicology where a chemical substance, after being released into the environment, returns...
BoosterAn additional dose of an immunizing agent administered after the primary immunization series to increase or...
Bootstrap resamplingA statistical method for estimating the sampling distribution of an estimator, or the accuracy of a model...
BootstrappingA resampling technique used in chemometrics to estimate the sampling distribution of an estimator by...
Borderline mechanismA reaction mechanism that does not fit neatly into a purely dissociative or purely associative pathway...
Borderline metal ionsMetal ions that exhibit characteristics intermediate between hard and soft acids according to the Hard and...
BorenesA traditional name, shared with borylene, for boranylidenes, the carbene analogues R-B: in which a...
Borinic acidsOrganoboron compounds with the general formula R2BOH, where two organic groups are attached to a boron atom...
Born-Oppenheimer approximationA fundamental approximation in quantum chemistry that simplifies the Schrödinger equation for molecules by...
Boron-doped diamond electrodeAn electrode fabricated from diamond material that has been intentionally doped with boron atoms during its...
Boronic acidsOrganic compounds characterized by a boron atom bonded to one organic group and two hydroxyl groups, with the...
BorylenesNeutral, highly reactive species containing a monovalent boron atom with two non-bonding electrons, analogous...
Boston naming testA standardized neuropsychological assessment tool used to evaluate confrontational naming abilities, often...
Botanical pesticideA substance used for pest control that is derived from plants and their constituent parts through processes...
Bottom anti-reflective coatingA layer of material applied beneath a photoresist in photolithography to absorb light that passes through the...
Bottom-up ecotoxicological studyAn ecotoxicological investigation that begins by examining the effects of a toxicant at lower levels of...
Bottom-up lithographyA fabrication approach in which nanostructures are built by assembling smaller molecular or atomic components...
Bottom-up proteomicsAn analytical approach in proteomics where proteins are first enzymatically digested into smaller peptides...
BotulismA rare but severe paralytic illness caused by neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum...
Bound fractionThe portion of a radiolabeled substance that is specifically bound to a receptor, antibody, or other binding...
Boundary layerThe thin layer of fluid, either liquid or gas, immediately adjacent to a solid surface, where the fluid's...
Boundary layer thicknessThe distance from a solid surface into a fluid where the fluid velocity or concentration significantly...
Bound/free ratioThe ratio of the concentration of a substance that is bound to a specific binding partner (such as a receptor...
BowspritOne of the two kinds of exocyclic bond on the end carbons of the boat conformation of cyclohexane. At each...
Bowtie entanglementA specific type of topological entanglement that can occur between polymer chains, characterized by a loop of...
Β-particleAn electron or positron emitted from an atomic nucleus during beta decay, a type of radioactive decay...
Brachial plexusA network of nerves that begins at the spinal cord in the neck and passes through the axilla into the arm. It...
BrachydactylyA congenital condition characterized by abnormally short fingers or toes, resulting from malformations of the...
Brady-A prefix of Greek origin used in scientific and medical terminology to denote slowness or a decreased rate...
BradycardiaA condition characterized by an abnormally slow heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per...
BradykinesiaA neurological symptom characterized by slowness of movement, often accompanied by a decrease in the...
BradykininA peptide composed of nine amino acid residues, formed in the body through the enzymatic cleavage of...
BradypnoeaAn abnormally slow rate of breathing. This condition is defined by a respiratory rate that falls below the...
Bragg filterA type of optical filter that selectively reflects a narrow range of wavelengths while transmitting others...
Bragg’s ruleAn empirical additivity rule stating that the energy loss of fast ions in a compound, expressed as a stopping...
BrainThe central organ of the nervous system in vertebrates, located in the head and protected by the skull. It is...
Brain herniationA life-threatening condition where increased intracranial pressure causes brain tissue to be displaced and...
Brain sliceA thin section of brain tissue, maintained alive in vitro, used for neurophysiological and...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factorA protein belonging to the neurotrophin family, found in the brain and peripheral nervous system. It supports...
BrainstemThe stalk-like region at the base of the brain that merges into the spinal cord and contains the centres...
BranchA side chain of a polymer molecule that is connected to the main chain at one point and consists of at least...
Branch constitutional repeating unitA constitutional repeating unit that is connected to at least three other constitutional repeating units, so...
Branch pointA specific atom or group of atoms within a polymer chain from which at least three polymer chains emanate...
Branch unitA constitutional unit that contains a branch point, so that three or more chains of the macromolecule emerge...
Branched chainA polymer chain that contains one or more branch points, from which additional polymer chains or segments...
Branched polymerA macromolecule composed of a main chain with one or more side chains attached to it. These side chains are...
BranchialRelating to the gills or gill-like structures found in aquatic organisms, or to the pharyngeal arches in...
Branchial archOne of a series of paired, segmented structures that develop in the pharyngeal region of vertebrate embryos...
Branching chain reactionA type of chain reaction where one reactive intermediate reacts to produce more than one new reactive...
Branching decayA mode of radioactive decay in which a radionuclide can transform along two or more alternative routes, each...
Branching fractionThe probability that a radionuclide will undergo a specific decay pathway when multiple decay modes are...
Branching indexA parameter, commonly symbolised g, that quantifies the degree of branching in a polymer. It is the quotient...
Branching planeAt a conical intersection, the two-dimensional subspace of nuclear coordinates defined by the gradient...
Branching ratioThe fraction of a specific decay mode or reaction pathway relative to the total number of decays or reactions...
BreakThe complete and irreversible separation of an emulsion into its constituent immiscible liquid phases. This...
Breakdown threshold fluenceThe smallest laser fluence that yields a measurable emission signal, that is optical breakdown and plasma...
Breaking of an emulsionThe irreversible separation of a dispersed system, consisting of two immiscible liquids, into its constituent...
Breakthrough volumeThe volume of sample that can be passed through an adsorbent bed or column before the analyte of interest...
Breathing zoneThe atmospheric region immediately surrounding a person's nose and mouth, from which they inhale air. This...
Bredt's ruleA chemical rule stating that a double bond cannot be placed at the bridgehead position of a bridged bicyclic...
BreechingA duct or conduit that connects the outlet of a combustion appliance, such as a furnace or boiler, to a...
BreezeA name for very fine particles of coke, those below about 10 millimeters in size, which are screened out of...
BremsstrahlungElectromagnetic radiation generated when a charged particle, such as an electron, undergoes deceleration by...
BrevicollisA congenital condition characterized by an abnormally short neck, resulting from the fusion or malformation...
Brewster angleThe specific angle of incidence for unpolarized light at which the reflected light from a dielectric surface...
BridgeAn atom or group of atoms that connects two different parts of a molecule, forming a cyclic or polycyclic...
Bridge indexThe number of central atoms joined by one particular bridging ligand in a polynuclear coordination compound...
Bridge solutionAn electrolyte solution that connects two half-cells in an electrochemical cell, allowing for the flow of...
Bridged carbocationA carbocation in which a carbon atom bearing a positive charge is stabilized by a neighboring group that...
Bridgehead atomAn atom common to two or more rings of a polycyclic molecule that is separated from another such atom by...
Bridging ligandA ligand that simultaneously coordinates to two or more metal centers, linking them together within a...
BrightnessA measure of the perceived intensity of light emitted or reflected by an object. In photochemistry, it often...
Brillouin indexA measure of the species diversity of a community, calculated as the natural logarithm of N factorial minus...
Broca areaA region within the frontal lobe of the dominant cerebral hemisphere, typically the left, that is associated...
Bronchial provocation testA diagnostic procedure to assess airway hyperresponsiveness, a hallmark of asthma. The test involves having a...
BronchoconstrictionThe narrowing of the airways in the lungs due to the contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchi...
BronchodilationThe widening of the airways in the lungs, resulting from the relaxation of the smooth muscle surrounding the...
Bronchopulmonary segmentA distinct anatomical division of the lung, supplied by its own segmental bronchus and pulmonary artery. Each...
BronchospasmA sudden, involuntary contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, leading...
Brønsted acidA molecular entity or chemical species capable of donating a proton, also known as a hydron (H+), to another...
Brønsted baseA chemical species that can accept a hydron (a proton, H+) from another chemical species. This acceptance...
Brønsted relationA linear free-energy relationship that correlates the rate constant of a reaction with the acid or base...
BroodstockA group of mature animals maintained for reproduction, typically in aquaculture or animal husbandry. These...
Brooks and Taylor structureThe internal layering of the anisotropic spheres that separate from isotropic pitch during pyrolysis, in...
Brownian field-flow fractionation modeA separation technique in field-flow fractionation where the applied field induces a force on the analytes...
Brownian motionThe random, erratic movement of microscopic particles suspended in a fluid (liquid or gas), resulting from...
Brubaker lensA short set of four rod electrodes mounted in line with and just ahead of the main rods of a quadrupole mass...
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areaA measure of the total surface area of a material, determined by the physical adsorption of gas molecules...
Brush polymerA polymer characterized by a linear backbone to which numerous polymeric side chains are densely grafted...
BruxismThe involuntary, repetitive grinding, gnashing, or clenching of teeth, unrelated to normal chewing or...
Bubble columnA type of reactor consisting of a vertical cylindrical vessel in which gas is sparged into a liquid phase...
BubblerA device used to introduce a gas into a liquid, typically for gas washing, scrubbing, or sampling. The gas is...
Buccal tabletA solid dosage form designed to dissolve slowly when placed in the buccal pouch, between the cheek and gums...
Buccopharyngeal membraneA temporary embryonic structure that separates the stomodeum (primitive mouth) from the foregut. This...
BudA small outgrowth from a parent organism or structure that develops into a new individual or a distinct part...
Buehler assayA method used to assess the potential of a substance to cause skin sensitization, primarily in guinea pigs...
Buffer gasAn inert gas introduced into a mass spectrometer, particularly in ion traps or collision cells, to facilitate...
Buffer-addition techniqueA method in spectrochemical analysis where a substance, the spectrochemical buffer, is added in high...
BuilderA substance added to a detergent formulation to increase its cleaning efficiency by sequestering or...
Bulbourethral glandOne of two small exocrine glands located inferior to the prostate gland in male mammals. These glands, also...
Bulbus cordisAn embryonic cardiac chamber that forms part of the primitive heart tube during early vertebrate development...
Bulk concentrationThe average concentration of a chemical species within the main body of a solution, away from any interfaces...
Bulk degradationA process where a polymeric material degrades uniformly throughout its entire volume, rather than just from...
Bulk densityThe mass of a powder or granular material divided by the volume it occupies, including the void spaces...
Bulk mesophaseA continuous anisotropic liquid-crystalline phase of pitch that forms when mesophase spheres coalesce during...
Bulk polymerisationA polymerization process carried out with only the monomer and a monomer-soluble initiator, without the...

521 of 13,676 terms in Chemistry terminology (MLC-0109). Request the full dataset.