Vacuum level referencing

{
  "id": "MLC-T-CHM-012488",
  "term": "Vacuum level referencing",
  "field": "Chemistry",
  "definition": "A way of fixing the zero of the kinetic energy scale in electron spectroscopy at the energy of a motionless electron at the vacuum level, so that kinetic energies are quoted relative to the local vacuum level of the sample and not to the Fermi level. The two scales differ by the work function, because the Fermi level lies that far below the vacuum level.",
  "subject": "Analytical Chemistry",
  "see_also": [
    "Fermi level referencing",
    "vacuum level"
  ],
  "references": [
    "PAC, 2020, 92, 1781. 'Glossary of methods and terms used in surface chemical analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2020)' on page 1831 (https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0404)"
  ],
  "url": "https://mlchart.com/terminology/chemistry/vacuum-level-referencing/"
}