Standard vacuum level

{
  "id": "MLC-T-CHM-011310",
  "term": "Standard vacuum level",
  "field": "Chemistry",
  "definition": "A conventional reference energy for electron spectroscopy, placed 4.500 eV higher in electric potential than the Fermi level. It replaces the instrument-dependent vacuum level that early Auger electron spectroscopy used as the energy reference, which differed between spectrometers. Energies referred to it generally fall within about 1 eV of those referred to a given instrument's own vacuum level.",
  "subject": "Analytical Chemistry",
  "see_also": [
    "Auger spectroscopy",
    "vacuum level"
  ],
  "references": [
    "PAC, 2020, 92, 1781. 'Glossary of methods and terms used in surface chemical analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2020)' on page 1814 (https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0404)"
  ],
  "url": "https://mlchart.com/terminology/chemistry/standard-vacuum-level/"
}