Effective charge

{
  "id": "MLC-T-CHM-003583",
  "term": "Effective charge",
  "field": "Chemistry",
  "definition": "The charge attributed to a reacting site or state in a rate or equilibrium process, deduced from how strongly polar substituents shift the free energy compared with their effect on a standard ionization such as that of benzoic acids. Comparing the two gives the change in effective charge, which appears as the Hammett reaction constant rho. It is not the effective nuclear charge Zeff used for atomic shielding.",
  "subject": "Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry",
  "see_also": [
    "ionization",
    "polar effect"
  ],
  "references": [
    "PAC, 1994, 66, 1077. 'Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)' on page 1108 (https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199466051077)"
  ],
  "url": "https://mlchart.com/terminology/chemistry/effective-charge/"
}