Helmholtz energy

{
  "id": "MLC-T-CHM-005172",
  "term": "Helmholtz energy",
  "field": "Chemistry",
  "definition": "A thermodynamic potential that quantifies the useful work obtainable from a closed system at constant temperature and volume. It is defined as the internal energy of the system minus the product of its temperature and entropy. A decrease in Helmholtz energy indicates a spontaneous process under these conditions.",
  "synonyms": [
    "Helmholtz energy function"
  ],
  "subject": "Physical and Biophysical Chemistry",
  "see_also": [
    "internal energy",
    "entropy",
    "thermodynamic temperature"
  ],
  "references": [
    "Green Book, 2nd ed., p. 48 (https://goldbook.iupac.org/files/pdf/green_book_2ed.pdf)"
  ],
  "url": "https://mlchart.com/terminology/chemistry/helmholtz-energy/"
}