Electronic effect of substituents: symbols and signs

{
  "id": "MLC-T-CHM-003752",
  "term": "Electronic effect of substituents: symbols and signs",
  "field": "Chemistry",
  "definition": "The influence of a substituent on the electron distribution within a molecule, affecting its reactivity and physical properties. These effects are categorized as inductive, resonance, or field effects, and are often quantified using substituent constants like Hammett sigma values. The symbols and signs indicate the direction and magnitude of electron donation or withdrawal.",
  "subject": "Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry",
  "see_also": [
    "correlation analysis",
    "delocalization",
    "electromeric effect",
    "electronegativity",
    "field effect",
    "inductive effect",
    "linear free-energy relation",
    "mesomeric effect"
  ],
  "references": [
    "PAC, 1994, 66, 1077. 'Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)' on page 1111 (https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199466051077)"
  ],
  "url": "https://mlchart.com/terminology/chemistry/electronic-effect-of-substituents-symbols-and-signs/"
}