Doping

{
  "id": "MLC-T-CHM-003387",
  "term": "Doping",
  "field": "Chemistry",
  "definitions": [
    "The deliberate introduction of small quantities of a foreign substance, known as a dopant, into a pure solid material to alter its physical or chemical properties. This process modifies the electronic structure or crystal lattice of the host material, thereby changing characteristics such as electrical conductivity, optical properties, or catalytic activity. In semiconductor manufacturing, elements from group 13 or 15 are used to dope silicon, creating p-type or n-type materials with dopant concentrations ranging from parts per billion to parts per thousand.",
    "(p- and n-type) The process of intentionally introducing impurities into a polymer to modify its electrical conductivity. P-type doping involves adding electron-accepting species to create positive charge carriers (holes), while n-type doping involves adding electron-donating species to create negative charge carriers (electrons). This technique is widely used to control the electronic properties of conjugated polymers for applications in organic electronics."
  ],
  "subject": [
    "Physical and Biophysical Chemistry",
    "Polymer"
  ],
  "see_also": [
    "catalyst",
    "mixed crystal",
    "oxidation",
    "dopant"
  ],
  "references": [
    "PAC, 1991, 63, 1227. 'Manual on catalyst characterization (Recommendations 1991)' on page 1231 (https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199163091227)",
    "PAC, 2006, 78, 2067. 'Terminology of polymers containing ionizable or ionic groups and of polymers containing ions (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)' on page 2070 (https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200678112067)",
    "PAC, 2020, 92, 1861. 'Terminology of polymers in advanced lithography (IUPAC Recommendations 2020)' on page 1872 (https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-1215)"
  ],
  "url": "https://mlchart.com/terminology/chemistry/doping/"
}