Agriculture and food terminology · MLC-0114
Agriculture and food terms: P (649)
- private sectorThat distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled...
- privatizationProcess of shifting publicly controlled services and/or facilities to the private sector.
- pro-apoptotic proteinsA large group of proteins that control apoptosis. This family of proteins includes many oncogene proteins as...
- probabilistic risk assessmentRisk evaluation involving the calculation and expression of risks using multiple risk descriptors to provide...
- probabilityThe study of chance processes or the relative frequency characterizing a chance process.
- probability distributionThe probability of each value of a discrete random variable or the probability of the value of a continuous...
- probioticsLive, nonpathogenic, nontoxic microbial organisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a...
- process designActivities involved in determining the design requirements for performing a particular process, such as...
- process energyEnergy used in industry-specific processes, such as chemical reactors, steel furnaces, glass melters...
- processed cheesesBlends of several types of cheese mixed and melted together with added emulsifiers and preservatives...
- processed foodsFoods that are manufactured, usually on a large scale, using any of a wide variety of processing techniques...
- proctoscopyEndoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the rectum.
- procyclic formsMorphologic stage in the life cycle of trypanosomes during infection of the arthropod vector.
- prodigiosin4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red...
- producer responsibilityPolicy measure requiring manufacturers to be responsible for design, management, and financing programs that...
- producer surplusIn economics, the difference between the price that a producer sells a good or service at and the amount that...
- product authenticityThe degree to which a product meets the standards for quality, composition and manufacture.
- product category ruleA product category rule is a set of detailed rules, requirements, and guidelines for developing environmental...
- product flowThe series of actions where products leave one product system and enter another product system.
- product life cycleAll stages of a product's development, from extraction of fuel for power to production, marketing, use and...
- product pathogen pathway analysisAn evaluation of the entire process from start to finish that examines the risk of adverse effects within a...
- product systemIn life cycle assessment, the entire set of processes (unit operations) undergone by a product from...
- production costsThe sum, measured in dollars, of all purchased inputs and other expenses necessary to produce farm products...
- production functionsA mathematical relationship (frequently presented as a graph) which shows how inputs of various physical...
- products and commoditiesA transportable resource product with commercial value; all resource products which are articles of commerce.
- proestrusA phase of the estrous cycle that precedes estrus. During proestrus, the Graafian follicles undergo...
- profilinsA family of low molecular weight proteins that bind actin and control actin polymerization. They are found in...
- progeny testingEvaluation of the genotype of individuals by studying the progeny derived from it by controlled breeding.
- progestational hormonesCompounds that interact with progesterone receptors in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to...
- prognosisA prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of...
- program eligibilityRequirements that a person or group must meet in order to receive goods or services.
- prokaryotic cellsCells, such as those of bacteria and blue green algae, which lack a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear...
- proleptic shootsProleptic shoots are shoots that emerge from the current year's lateral buds while the terminal bud remains...
- proliferating cell nuclear antigenNuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for...
- promoter regionsDNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase...
- prop rootsAn adventitious root that grows from and supports the trunk above the ground in plants, such as mangroves.
- propagation materialsA plant part such as a bud, tuber, root, or shoot used to reproduce (propagate) an individual plant...
- propanediol dehydrataseAn enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 1,2-propanediol to propionaldehyde.
- property rightsThe sum total of the rights pertaining to property ownership. In the case of real property it embraces the...
- prophaseThe first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the cell nucleus starts to...
- propidiumQuaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA...
- propofolAn intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus...
- propolisA resinous substance obtained from beehives that is used traditionally as an antimicrobial. It is a...
- proprioceptionThe mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the...
- prospective studiesA study in which groups with and without an intervention of interest are followed over time.
- prostaglandinsA group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the...
- prostate-specific antigenA glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of...
- prosthesesArtificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or...
- protandryMaturation first of the male gonads, then of the female gonads in a hermaphroditic organism.
- proteasome endopeptidase complexA large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and...
- proteasome inhibitorsCompounds that inhibit the function or proteolytic action of the proteasome.
- protected designation of originGeographical indications on foods and other agricultural products, based upon European Union regulations...
- protein bindingThe process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein...
- protein conformationThe three-dimensional shape or form of a polypeptide chain. The polypeptide folds into a protein structure...
- protein coronaA layer of protein coating adsorbed by nanoparticles upon entry into plasma or other protein-containing...
- protein degradationGeneral breakdown of protein structures in products or organisms.
- protein denaturationDisruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional...
- protein depositionProtein laid down in tissues when protein synthesis exceeds protein degradation.
- protein domainsDiscrete protein structural units that may fold independently of the rest of the protein and have their own...
- protein efficiency ratioAn assessment of dietary protein quality by calculating weight gain divided by intake of a specific protein...
- protein energy malnutritionThe lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an...
- protein engineeringProcedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or...
- protein foldingThe biochemical process by which a protein assumes its three-dimensional conformation. It begins even before...
- protein hydrolysatesA solution of amino acids and peptides prepared from protein by acid, alkali or enzymatic hydrolysis.
- protein microarraysLigand-binding assays that measure protein-protein, protein-small molecule, or protein-nucleic acid...
- protein productsFor discussions of the naturally-occurring protein component(s) of plants or animals, which may have...
- protein quaternary structureThe three dimensional structure of a protein made up of two or more subunits; the manner in which the...
- protein refoldingConformational transitions of a protein from unfolded states to a more folded state.
- protein secondary structureThe level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of...
- protein sourcesFoods in the diet that provide protein.
- protein structural elementsDistinguishing three-dimensional structures characteristically formed by homologous protein sequences.
- protein subunitsSingle chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric proteins. Multimeric proteins can be composed...
- protein synthesisThe biosynthesis of peptides and proteins on ribosomes, directed by messenger RNA, via transfer RNA that is...
- protein taggingA technique of genetically fusing short peptide sequences onto a recombinant protein. It is used for protein...
- protein tertiary structureThe three-dimensional conformation of a polypeptide chain of a globular protein in its native folded state...
- protein transportThe process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various...
- protein unfoldingConformational transitions of the shape of a protein to various unfolded states.
- proteinase inhibitorsCompounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases).
- proteinuriaA pathological condition of having too much protein in the urine.
- proteolytic bacteriaProtease producing bacteria that breakdown proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.
- proteomeThe complete set of the proteins produced from the genetic code inside the cell.
- proteomicsThat branch of genetics which studies organisms in terms of their proteome, that is, by the complete set of...
- prothoracicotropic hormonehormone produced by neurosecretory cells that stimulates the prothoracic gland to produce ecdysteroids.
- protogynyMaturation first of the female gonad, then the male gonad in an hermaphroditic organism.
- proton pumpA membrane protein that transports protons (hydrogen ions) across a membrane against a concentration gradient.
- proton pump inhibitorsCompounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-exchanging atpase. They are used as anti-ulcer agents and sometimes in place...
- proton-coupled folate transporterA symporter protein that couples the transport of folic acid with hydrogen ions. The transporter functions...
- protonemataThe filamentous structure which grows following spore germination in mosses, ferns and some liverworts...
- proton-motive forceEnergy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and...
- proto-oncogenesNormal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators...
- protoplastsPlant, fungal or bacterial cells that have had the cell wall removed, leaving the cytoplasm, nucleus and...
- protozoan antibodiesImmunoglobulins produced in a response to protozoan antigens.
- protozoan vaccinesSuspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious...
- provenanceGeographic origin, such as of organisms, seed, nursery stock or inoculum.
- proventriculitisInflammation of the proventriculus.
- provirusesDuplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted...
- PrPC proteinsNormal cellular isoform of prion proteins (prions) encoded by a chromosomal gene and found in normal and...
- PrPSc proteinsAbnormal isoform (PrPSc) of prions resulting from a posttranslational modification of the cellular prion...
- pseudocerealsPseudocereals are fruits or seeds of non-grass or non-cereal plants and are consumed in same way as cereal...
- pseudogenesGenes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or...
- pseudohermaphroditismCongenital condition in which a person has internal gonads (testes or ovaries) of one sex and external...
- pseudopodiaA dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food.
- psittacosisInfection with Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to man by inhalation of...
- psoas musclesA powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar...
- psychological testsStandardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to...
- psychologyThe science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals.
- psychophysicsThe science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or...
- psychophysiologyThe study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior.
- psychrometersAn instrument for measuring the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. It has both a dry-bulb and wet-bulb...
- psychrophilic bacteriaBacteria that live or thrive at low temperatures.
- psychrotrophic bacteriaBacteria that can grow at low temperatures but grow optimally between 15° and 20°C.
- ptaquilosideA norsesquiterpene from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum); not a pteridine; can be activated to alkylate DNA.
- pubic boneA bone that forms the lower and anterior part of each side of the hip bone.
- public healthBranch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of...
- public housingHousing which is typically provided to low-income persons or families, and is owned and operated by a...
- public landsLand for which the title and control rests with a government - Federal, state, regional, county, or municipal.
- public ownershipProperty that is exclusively controlled by a governing entity, whereby the governing entity has the right to...
- public policyA course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and...
- public sectorThe area of a nation's economy that is tax-supported and under government control.
- public services and goodsServices and products provided to the general public.
- public-private partnershipsA formal partnership between government (state, local or federal) and one or more private sector companies to...
- pulletsYoung female chickens.
- pulmonary fibrosisA process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by fibroblasts and collagen causing an...
- pulmonary gas exchangeThe exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood.
- pulmonary surfactant associated proteinsProteins found in the lung that act as pulmonary surfactants.
- pulpwoodwood destined or suited for pulp manufacture, including standing or felled trees, logging residues, sawmill...
- pulsatile fresh frozen human cadaver circulation model (PHCM)A freshly frozen human cadaver model mainly used to train endovascular skills.
- pulsed-field gel electrophoresisGel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is...
- pulverized coalCoal that has been crushed to a fine dust in a grinding mill. It is blown into the combustion zone of a...
- pulvinusA mass of large thin-walled cells forming a cushionlike swelling at the base of petiole or petiolule and...
- pumiceA volcanic glass full of cavities and very light in weight.
- punicic acidA bioactive, conjugated linolenic acid. It is rich in seeds of Punica granatum (pomegranate) and some species...
- pupariationFormation of the puparium.
- pupariumThe hardened integument within which the pupa is formed from the skin of the last larval instar, as in...
- pupationThe act of becoming a pupa.
- purebredsAnimals of known ancestry within a recognized breed that are eligible for registry in the official herdbook...
- purinergic receptorsCell surface proteins that bind purines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence...
- pycnidiaA rounded or flask-shaped asexual fruiting body containing conidia or spores found in certain fungi, e.g...
- pycniosporesSpores produced in pycnium of certain fungi.
- pyometraAccumulation of pus in the uterus, normally caused by severe bacterial infection.
- pyranometersA pyranometer is an instrument for measuring the solar reflectance, or albedo, of materials.
- pyrazolonesCompounds with a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two nitrogens and a keto oxygen. Some are inhibitors of...
- pyridinesCompounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing nitrogen. The saturated version is piperidines.
- pyridonesPyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring.
- pyrimidine nucleosidesPyrimidines with a ribose attached that can be phosphorylated to pyrimidine nucleotides.
- pyrolysisA chemical change brought about by heat alone (exposure to high temperatures) in the absence of oxygen. Can...
- pyroptosisType of programmed cell death associated with infection by intracellular pathogens. It is characterized by...
- pyrrolidonesA group of compounds that are derivatives of oxo-pyrrolidines. A member of this group is 2-oxo pyrrolidine...
- pythiosisA granulomatous disease caused by the aquatic organism Pythium insidiosum and occurring primarily in horses...
649 of 6,908 terms in Agriculture and food terminology (MLC-0114). Request the full dataset.