Agriculture and food terminology · MLC-0114

Agriculture and food terms: C (739)

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• C3 plantsPlants in which the CO2 is initially fixed by the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis.
• C4 plantsPlants where the initial carbon fixation occurs in the outer mesophyll cells, and the Calvin cycle occurs in...
• Ca2-transporting ATPaseCation-transporting proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis for the transport of calcium. They...
• Cabo VerdeA country in western Africa composed of a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal. The...
• cabs (equipment)The closed part of a vehicle where the driver sits.
• CAC performance criterionThe effect in frequency and/or concentration of a hazard in a food that must be achieved by the application...
• CAC performance objectiveThe maximum frequency and/or concentration of a hazard in a food at a specified step in the food chain before...
• cachexiaA profound and marked state of constitutional disorder, general ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss.
• cadaverA dead body, usually a human body.
• cadherinsCalcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of adherens junctions between...
• caeciliansLong-bodied, limbless amphibians that look similar to earthworms because of segmental rings around their body.
• cage cultureThe production method for raising aquatic species using enclosures made of wire or netting around rigid...
• Calamagrostis acutifloraInterspecific hybrid between Calamagrostis arundinacea x Calamagrostis epigeios.
• calcareous soilsCalcareous soils are soils with free calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the soil profile.
• calcicolesPlants that thrive in lime-rich, alkaline, or calcareous soils, and do not thrive in acid soils.
• calcifugesPlants that thrive in acid soils and that do not thrive in lime-rich, calcareous, or alkaline soils.
• calcinosisPathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.
• calcitoninA peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells...
• calcitonin gene-related peptideA 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of...
• calcitriol receptorsProteins, usually found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind calcitriol, migrate to the nucleus, and...
• calcium channel blockersA class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release...
• calcium citrateA colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus...
• calcium compoundsInorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.
• calcium gluconateThe calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium...
• calcium ionophoresChemicals that increase the cell membranes permeability to calcium ions.
• calcium receptorsA class of G-protein-coupled receptors that react to varying extracellular calcium levels. Calcium-sensing...
• calcium signalingSignal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular...
• calcium-binding proteinsProteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or...
• calculiAn abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts...
• California mastitis testIt is a simple test to diagnose mastitis in lactating animals on the basis of somatic cell count in the milk.
• CallicebusNew World monkeys, that are small sized, arboreal and live in the forests of South America. Also known as...
• Callicebus cupreusThe Coppery Titi monkey, a small, South American tree-dwelling monkey characterized by reddish sideburns...
• CallimicoA small-sized New World monkey commonly known as Goeldi's monkey. It is a tufted, silky dark brown or black...
• Callimico goeldiiA species of small, black or blackish brown tufted arborial New World monkey that lives in South America with...
• CallithrixA genus of New World monkeys containing marmosets. They are found in forests of Brazil and Bolivia.
• Callithrix auritaA New World monkey, endemic to the montane rainforests of the southeastern states of Minas Gerais and Rio de...
• Callithrix flavicepsA rare species of New World monkey which lives in the Mantiqueira Mountain range south of the Rio Doce in...
• Callithrix geoffroyiA species of monkey that is endemic to Brazil, where they are known as the sagüi or sauim. It is also known...
• Callithrix penicillataMonogamous New World monkeys that are native to the forests of the Brazilian Central Plateau. They are also...
• calorie balanceThe balance between calories consumed through eating and drinking and calories expended through physical...
• calorimetryThe measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of...
• calvesYoung mammals that have not reached sexual maturity, usually referring to domestic cattle, buffalos and other...
• Calvin cycleA light-independent, biochemical reaction that uses ATP and NADPH to fix the carbon in six CO2 molecules to...
• calving rateThe number of cows that calve divided by the number of cows mated, usually pertaining to the herd and not the...
• cambiumA thin layer of tissue between the bark and wood that repeatedly subdivides to form new wood and bark cells.
• camouflageCamouflage is a defense mechanism that animals use to disguise their appearance, color, usually to blend in...
• Campsis tagliabuanaInterspecific hybrid between Campsis grandiflora x Campsis radicans.
• campylobacteriosisA bacterial infection with organisms of the genus Campylobacter.
• Canadian ShieldThe Precambrian nuclear mass centered in Hudson Bay around which, and to some extent upon which, the younger...
• cancer vaccinesVaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's...
• candicidinMixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in...
• candidemiaA form of invasive candidiasis where species of Candida are present in the blood.
• candidiasisInfection of humans or animals with a fungus of the genus Candida.
• canesAny hollow or pithy woody stems that are strong but flexible, such as bamboos, reeds, rattans, sugar cane, or...
• canine hip dysplasiaA hereditary disease of the hip joints in dogs. Signs of the disease may be evident any time after 4 weeks of...
• Canna generalisA complex hybrid involving Canna indica and others.
• cannabinoid receptorsA class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for cannabinoids such as those derived from...
• cannibalismEating other individuals of one's own species.
• canolaA variety of rape which seed contains low levels of erucic acid and is high in monounsaturated fatty acids...
• canopyThe more or less continuous layer of vegetation formed by the foliage and branches of plants.
• capacitanceThe ability of a substrate to retain an electrical charge.
• capacitorsDevice for accumulating and holding a charge of electricity and consisting of conducting surfaces separated...
• capillariasisA parasitic disease caused by infection with species of Capillaria
• capillarityA property of the surface of a liquid in contact with that of a solid, where the liquid's surface is raised...
• capillary fringeThe area of the saturated zone just above the water table in which water is held in the soil by surface...
• capital allocationThe division of financial and other forms of capital resources to different processes, people and projects in...
• capital leasesA type of leasing contract in which the renter has temporary use of an asset and is considered as the owner...
• caponsNeutered male chickens.
• caprolactamCyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local...
• capsidThe outer shell of a virus particle that encloses the viral genome.
• capsule endoscopyNon-invasive, endoscopic imaging by use of video capsule endoscope to perform examination of the...
• carbasugarsSugar analogs in which the ring oxygen is replaced by a methylene (CH2) carbon.
• carbenicillinBroad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and...
• carbohydrate loadingStrategies used to maximize glycogen storage in muscle tissues by athletes to improve performance. It is also...
• carbon cycleThe sequence of transformation undergone by carbon utilized by organisms wherein it is used by one organism...
• carbon dioxide enrichmentIncreasing the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) to several times the normal atmospheric level.
• carbon farmingA farming practice that sequester carbon.
• carbon footprintA measure of the total set of greenhouse gas emissions, usually expressed in terms of the amount of carbon...
• carbon marketsAn arena for carbon dioxide emissions trading, i.e. the buying and selling of emission allowances (credits or...
• carbon monoxide poisoningToxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.
• carbon nanotubesSingle- or multilayer nanotubes composed of cylindrical graphene sheets of bonded carbon atoms, and closed at...
• carbon radioisotopesUnstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10...
• carbon sequestrationThe uptake and storage of carbon in a carbon sink, such as the oceans, or a terrestrial sink such as forests...
• carbonated beveragesBeverages, including water infused with gases, such as carbon dioxide.
• carbonizationThe conversion of organic matter into carbon or carbonized materials in limited supply of air, by heating...
• carboxymethylcelluloseA cellulose derivative which is a beta-(1,4)-D-glucopyranose polymer. It is used as a bulk laxative and as an...
• carcass weightThe weight of an animal after slaughter and removal of most internal organs, head and skin.
• carcinogenesisThe process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
• carcinogensAny agent that is capable of causing cancer in living tissue.
• carcinosarcomaA malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate...
• cardiac arrestCessation of heart beat or myocardial contraction.
• cardiac glycosidesAny of several glycosides obtained chiefly from plant sources such as the foxglove, used medicinally to...
• cardiac outputThe volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume)...
• cardiolipinsAcidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of...
• cardiomyopathyA group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the cardiac muscle itself.
• cardiorespiratory fitnessA measure of the functional capabilities of the heart, lungs and muscles, relative to the demands of specific...
• cardiotoxicityDamage to the heart or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in...
• cardoonsA pale green vegetable that resembles celery and artichoke in flavor.
• CaribbeanThe region including the Caribbean Sea, its islands, and the countries on its Central and/or South American...
• Caribbean SeaThe Caribbean Sea is located at 9 to 22ºN and 89 to 60ºW. The countries found to the south of the Caribbean...
• carnitineA constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for...
• carnivoresAn organism (plant or animal) that feeds on animal substances.
• carposporesNon-motile, diploid spores produced from the fertilized carpogonium in red algae (Rhodophyta).
• carposporogenesisThe process of the production of diploid carpospores from carposporophyte.
• carprofenA non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used primarily for relieving inflammation, fever, joint pain...
• carrier stateThe condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must...
• carrying capacityThe maximum population that may be sustained in an ecosystem or management unit without adverse effects to...
• cartographyThe art, science and technology of mapmaking.
• caryopsisThe fruit of a grass; a grain. The seed and fruit are united, the seed adhering to the thin pericarp, or...
• Cascade Mountain regionRegion in North America, extending from northeast California (north continuation of the Sierra Nevada...
• case studiesAn in-depth examination of a single instance or event.
• case-control studiesAn epidemiologic study contrasting those with the disease of interest (cases) to those without the disease...
• cash cropsAn agricultural crop grown to provide revenue from an off-farm source.
• cash grain farmsA farm where corn, grain sorghum, small grains, soybeans, or field peas and beans account for at least 50% of...
• cash rentsLand or farm rents paid as a fixed amount of money, in contrast to renting for a share of the crop.
• Caspian SeaThe largest inland body of water, located between Asia and Europe.
• castrationThe surgical removal or other physical destruction of the testes of a male animal, e.g. using elastrator...
• casts (medical)Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization...
• cat scratch diseaseA self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by Afipia felis and Bartonella...
• catabolismCatabolism is an enzyme-catalyzed biochemical process in which complex molecules are degraded to simpler...
• catabolite repressionProcess by which micro-organisms adapt quickly to a preferred rapidly-metabolizable intermediate through the...
• catadromous fishFish that migrate from freshwater to saltwater for reproduction.
• catalogingActivities performed in the preparation of bibliographic records for catalog. It is carried out according to...
• catalystsA substance that initiates or changes the rate of chemical reaction but is not consumed or changed by the...
• catalytic activityAn increase in the rate of a chemical reaction produced by the presence of a substance that is not consumed...
• catalytic crackingThe refining process of breaking down the larger, heavier, and more complex hydrocarbon molecules into...
• cataractPartial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing...
• catch cropsA quick growing crop, planted and harvested between two regular crops.
• catenasA sequence of different soils, generally derived from similar parent soil material, each of which owes its...
• catenated DNACircular DNA that is interlaced together as links in a chain. It is used as an assay for the activity of DNA...
• cateninsA family of cytoskeletal proteins that play essential roles in cell adhesion at adherens junctions by linking...
• cathelicidinsAntimicrobial cationic peptides with a highly conserved amino terminal cathelin-like domain and a more...
• cathetersA flexible, tubular device that is used to carry fluids into or from a blood vessel, hollow organ, or body...
• cathodesThe negative pole or electrode of an electrolytic cell or system. The cathode attracts positively charged...
• cation exchangeReversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of the cation exchange resins, and a fluid whereby...
• cation exchange capacityThe sum total of exchangeable cations that a soil can adsorb. Expressed in centimoles per kilogram of soil...
• cation pumpsMembrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules...
• catkinsA drooping elongated cluster of bracted unisexual flowers found only in woody plants.
• cattleDomesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of...
• cattle cycleThe cattle cycle refers to a cyclical process where the size of cattle herd increases and decreases over time...
• cattle diseasesDiseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos, including diseases of cows, yaks and zebus.
• caudal cruciate ligamentA ligament which, along with the cranial cruciate ligament, provides stability to the stifle joint.
• CCR1 receptorChemokine (C-C Motif) Receptor 1, encoded by the CCR1 gene, is a member of the beta chemokine receptor family...
• CCR10 receptorCCR receptors with specificity for chemokine CCL27. They may play a specialized role in the cutaneous homing...
• CCR2 receptorC-C chemokine receptor type 2 is encoded by the human CCR2 gene. This protein plays a role in both cytokine...
• CCR3 receptorCCR receptors with specificity for chemokine CCL11 and a variety of other CC chemokines. They are expressed...
• CCR4 receptorCCR receptors with specificity for chemokine CCL17 and chemokine CCL22. They are expressed at high levels in...
• CCR5 receptorCCR receptors with specificity for chemokine CCL3; chemokine CCL4; and chemokine CCL5. They are expressed at...
• CCR6 receptorCCR6 receptor is expressed by immature dendritic cells and memory T cells. The ligand of this receptor is...
• CCR7 receptorThis receptor is expressed in various lymphoid tissues and activates B and T lymphocytes. It has been shown...
• CCR8 receptorThis receptor protein preferentially expresses in the thymus. I-309, thymus activation-regulated cytokine...
• CCR9 receptorCCR9 receptor is a member of the beta chemokine receptor family. It has been found that this gene is...
• CD antigensDifferentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which...
• CD146 antigenA cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed in endothelial cells and is...
• CD18 antigenCell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11...
• CD29 antigenIntegrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific...
• cDNA librariesCollections of cloned complementary DNA sequences synthesized from mRNA present in a cell or organism.
• CebidaeA family of New World monkeys. They are mostly arboreal, generally small-sized monkeys including marmosets...
• CebusThese are medium-sized New World monkeys and consist of gracile or untufted capuchins. They are arboreals and...
• cecotrophyA special kind of coprophagy in which animals ingest a certain fraction of their own feces that is derived...
• cecropinsAntimicrobial peptides that form channels in membranes that are more permeable to anions than cations. They...
• cefadroxilLong-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, cephalexin derivative.
• cefazolinA semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial...
• cefiximeA third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.
• cefmetazoleA semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and...
• cefoperazoneSemisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It...
• cefotetanA semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is...
• cefoxitinA semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.
• cefsulodinA pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas...
• ceftazidimeSemisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for Pseudomonas...
• ceftriaxoneA broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes...
• cefuroximeBroad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with...
• celiac diseaseA malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing gluten, such as wheat...
• cell adhesionAdherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.
• cell adhesion moleculesSurface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the...
• cell cleavagethe series of mitotic divisions of a single-celled zygote during the first stages of embryogenesis.
• cell cultureA technique for maintaining and/or growing dispersed cells from original tissues, primary culture, cell lines...
• cell cycle checkpointsRegulatory signaling systems that control the progression through the cell cycle. They ensure that the cell...
• cell deathThe termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction...
• cell engineeringMethods and techniques used to modify or select cells and develop conditions for growing cells for...
• cell free systemA fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by...
• cell fusionFusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.
• cell growthIncrease in cell size.
• cell linesEstablished cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
• cell membrane structuresStructures which are part of the cell membrane or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure.
• cell movementThe movement of cells from one location to another.
• cell polarityOrientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the...
• cell proliferationIncrease in cell number.
• cell senescenceProcess by which cells irreversibly stop dividing and enter a state of permanent growth arrest without...
• cell transplantationTransference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals...
• cell viabilityThe span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as...
• cell wall componentsThe chemical composition and constituents of cell walls.
• cell-matrix junctionsSpecialized areas at the cell membranes where a cell attaches to the extracellular matrix or other substratum.
• cell-mediated immunityManifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines...
• cellobioseA disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial...
• cellular agricultureThe production of agricultural products (meat, milk, leather, eggs, gelatin, etc.) from cell cultures.
• cellular microenvironmentLocal surroundings with which cells interact by processing various chemical and physical signals, and by...
• celluloseThe carbohydrate that is the principal constituent of wood and forms the framework of the wood cells.
• Census of AgricultureA count taken every 5 years of the number of farms, land in farms, crop acreage and production, livestock...
• Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthosA perennial weed which is polycarpic and tetraploid (2n=36) and is spread throughout North America and...
• Centaurea stoebe subsp. stoebeA biennial weed which is monocarpic and diploid (2n=18) and which is native to Europe. Contrast Centaurea...
• Center for Alternatives to Animal TestingCAAT promote humane science by supporting the creation, development, validation, and use of alternatives to...
• center of gravityThe point at which the total weight of a body or system can be considered to be concentrated. At center of...
• center pivot irrigationA self-propelled irrigation system in which a single pipeline supported on towers rotates around a central...
• Central Valley of CaliforniaThe large fertile region in the interior of California that lies between the coastal mountains and the Sierra...
• central venous cathetersCatheters that are inserted into a large central vein such as a subclavian vein or femoral vein.
• centrally planned economyAn economic system in which the economy is directed and administered by its government.
• cephacetrileA derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.
• cephalexinA semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or...
• cephalometryThe measurement of the dimensions of the head.
• cephaloridineA cephalosporin antibiotic.
• cephamycinsNaturally occurring family of beta-lactam cephalosporin-type antibiotics having a 7-methoxy group and...
• cephapirinCephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive...
• ceralureA synthetic attractant for Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata.
• CercocebusA genus of the Old World monkeys inhabiting the African forests. They are also known as capped mangabeys.
• Cercocebus atysA species of Old World monkeys known as the Sooty mangabey from the genera Cercocebus that is important in...
• Cercocebus atys lunulatusA subspecies of the Sooty mangabey, also known as the white-collared mangabey or white-naped mangabey.
• Cercocebus galeritusA grayish monkey endemic to a small stretch of floodplain forests along the Tana River in Kenya. It is also...
• CercopithecidaeThe family of Old World monkeys and baboons inhabiting Africa and part of Asia.
• cerebrospinal fluid collectionTapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar...
• cerebrovascular disordersA spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels...
• cerradoA type of plains community characterized by a mosaic of vegetation ranging from tropical broadleaf woodlands...
• certificationDocumentation from an authoritative body that confirms that a product, process, service, person or...
• certification (education)Receipt of documentation of the completion of a course of study which does not lead to a diploma.
• ceruleninAn epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras...
• cervical ripeningA change in the cervix uteri with respect to its readiness to relax. The cervix normally becomes softer, more...
• cervical spineThe neck region of the spinal column, consisting of seven cervical vertebrae.
• chaffSeed coverings separated from cereal grains after threshing, together with other stem or leaf debris from the...
• chamaephytesOne of Raunkiaer's life-form categories, woody plants whose perennating buds are borne close to the ground...
• champagneA type of sparkling wine which derives its effervescence solely from the secondary fermentation of the wine...
• chaparralLow, dense growth of shrubby vegetation or stunted and dwarf trees in arid and semi-arid regions of the...
• chaperone-mediated autophagyA selective type of autophagy in which a specific set of cytosolic proteins are moved across the membrane of...
• chardA green, leafy vegetable used for salads from the beet, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris.
• chasmophytesPlants rooted in clefts or crevices of rocks, that are filled with soil or organic matter.
• check-off programsGeneric research and commodity promotion programs for farm products that are financed by assessments applied...
• cheese milkMilk that is suitable for cheesemaking.
• chemical bondingA chemical bond is formed by sharing or exchanging of electrons by two or more atomic nuclei.
• chemical concentrationA measure of the amount of substance present in a unit amount of mixture or solution. The amounts can be...
• chemical degradationThe degradation of a substance by a chemical agent or energy source such as light, heat, or electricity.
• chemical derivativesCompounds derived from a parent compound by a chemical reaction, and having similar chemical structure.
• chemical etchingAny step in the chemical milling or etching processes in which metal is chemically or electrochemically...
• chemical hazardsAny chemical manufactured, used, transported, or stored which can cause death or other harm through toxic...
• chemical oxygen demandA measure of the amount of a water body's dissolved oxygen supply that would be used up in completely...
• chemical precipitationThe process of producing a separable solid phase within a liquid medium; represents the formation of a new...
• chemical pruningThe application of agricultural chemicals to remove the quantity of vegetative or reproductive plant parts on...
• chemical pulpPulp made from chemically treated fibers
• chemical risk assessmentThe qualitative or quantitative evaluation of the likelihood of adverse effects from chemical agents.
• chemical safetyChemical safety is the practice of using occupational chemical substances in a manner that ensures the safety...
• chemical structureThe spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of chemical bonds...
• chemigationThe application of a pesticide and/or fertilizer through any irrigation system. This delivery technique...
• chemiluminescenceA light-emitting reaction created by the energy generated from a chemical reaction; no apparent temperature...
• chemoattractantsChemical substances that attract or repel cells. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a...
• chemoinformaticsThe application of information science, data science, and computer science principles and techniques to...
• chemokine CCL13Induced by IL-1 and TNF-alpha, widely expressed, and encoded by human CCL13 Gene (Intercrine Beta Family)...
• chemokine CCL14Chemokine CCL14 activates and induces intracellular calcium and enzyme release in monocytes.
• chemokine CCL15Widely expressed by human CCL15 Gene (Intercrine Beta Family), secreted 113-aa 12-kDa (precursor) Small...
• chemokine CCL16Chemokine CCL16 is a chemotactic factor for lymphocytes and monocytes and involved in immunoregulatory and...
• chemokine CCL23Chemokine CCL23 displays chemotactic activity on resting T lymphocytes and monocytes, lower activity on...
• chemokine CCL25Chemokine CCL25 displays chemotactic activity for dendritic cells, thymocytes, and activated macrophages but...
• chemokine CCL26Chemokine CCL26 displays chemotactic activity for normal peripheral blood eosinophils and basophils.
• chemokine CCL28Chemokine CCL28 displays chemotactic activity for resting CD4 or CD8 T cells and eosinophils. This chemokine...
• chemokine CXCL16Chemokine CXCL16 is a transmembrane chemokine which gene is highly expressed in spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer...
• chemokine CXCL3Chemokine CXCL3 is a secreted growth factor that signals through the G-protein coupled receptor, CXC receptor...
• chemokine receptorsEncoded by Chemokine Receptor Genes (GPCR Family), cell surface Chemokine Receptors are seven-transmembrane G...
• chemokinesClass of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes.
• chemometricsA branch of analytical chemistry which uses mathematics and statistics to design experiments and analyze...
• chemoreceptorsCells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system...
• chemosensitizationExposing target cells or microbes to chemosensitizing agents (chemicals, radiations, etc.) to make them more...
• chemosterilantsA chemical that controls pests by preventing reproduction.
• chemosynthesisA microbial process where energy is obtained by the oxidation of inorganic compounds to synthesise organic...
• chemotaxonomyClassification of organisms based on differences of the biochemical composition.
• chemotypesChemically characterized parts of a population of morphologically indistinguishable organisms.
• chickenpoxA highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (Herpesvirus 3, human). It...
• Chikungunya feverAn acute infection caused by a mosquito-borne alphavirus Chikungunya virus characterized by rash; fever...
• child abuseAny recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious...
• Child and Adult Care Food ProgramThis child nutrition program provides cash and commodity assistance to support meal service programs in child...
• child careCare of children in the home or institution.
• child care centersFacilities providing care for school-age or pre-school children.
• child development centersEducational facilities for preschool children, which also provide health and family services- originally used...
• child healthThe concept covering the physical and mental conditions of children.
• child laborEmployment of minors in work that deprives children of their childhood, potential, dignity, and is harmful to...
• childhood obesityA medical condition in children and youth in which excessive fat accumulates in the body, caused by an...
• children with disabilitiesChildren who have a disability or impairment of any type that interferes with their daily usual activities...
• Chinese restaurant syndromeIt involves a set of symptoms that some people have after eating food with the additive monosodium glutamate...
• chipping headrigA piece of machinery used in sawmills which chips away the outer portion of the log to produce wood chips and...
• chiselingBreaking or loosening the soil, without inversion, with a chisel cultivator or chisel plow. A practice used...
• chi-square distributionA distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random...
• chitinA linear polysaccharide of beta-1->4 linked units of acetylglucosamine. It is the second most abundant...
• chitooligosaccharidesOligosaccharides which are made from chitin or chitosan by enzymatic or chemical treatment.
• chitosanDeacetylated chitin, a linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-d-glucosamine. it is used in hydrogel...
• Chlamydia muridarumA species of bacteria that causes mouse pneumonitis.
• chlamydiosisA bacterial infection caused by species of Chlamydia or Chlamydophila.
• chlamydosporesA thick-walled asexual spore formed by the fusion of vegetative hyphae of different mating types.
• chlor-alkali processAn industrial process for the manufacture of chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) from...
• chloramphenicolAn antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically...
• chlorinated hydrocarbonsChemicals containing only chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. These include a class of persistent, broad-spectrum...
• chlorobutanolA colorless to white crystalline compound with a camphoraceous odor and taste. It is a widely used...
• ChlorocebusA genus of small Old World monkeys found throughout the forests of sub-Saharan Africa including green monkeys...
• chlorofluorocarbonsA series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing...
• chlorohydrinsAny of the compounds derived from a group of glycols or polyhydroxy alcohols by chlorine substitution for...
• chloroplast genesThose nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity which are located within the chloroplast DNA.
• chloroplast genomeThe genetic complement of chloroplasts as represented in their DNA.
• chloroplast proteinsProteins encoded by the chloroplast genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and...
• chloroplast RNARibonucleic acid in chloroplasts having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein...
• chloroplast thioredoxinsThioredoxin proteins primarily found in chloroplasts.
• chlortetracyclineA tetracycline with a 7-chloro substitution.
• chocolateA cocoa mixture usually including cocoa butter, cocoa liquor and a sweetener, most frequently used as a candy...
• chocolate liquorChocolate liquor is the solid or semiplastic food prepared by finely grinding cocoa nibs. Chocolate liquor...
• choice white greaseA specific grade of mostly pork fat defined by hardness, color, fatty acid content, moisture, insolubles...
• cholatesSalts and esters of cholic acid.
• cholecystokininA 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system...
• cholelithiasisPresence or formation of gallstones in the biliary tract, usually in the gallbladder (cholecystolithiasis) or...
• cholestasisImpairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (intrahepatic cholestasis) or obstruction in...
• cholesterol homeostasisAny of the processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism...
• cholesterol oxidaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to...
• cholesteryl ester transfer proteinProteins that bind to and transfer cholesterol esters between lipoproteins such as low-density lipoproteins...
• cholinergic agentsAny drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that...
• cholinergic receptorsCell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes...
• cholinesterase inhibitorsDrugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby...
• chondrogenesisThe formation of cartilage.
• chondroitinA mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin.
• chorioallantoic membraneA highly vascularized extra-embryonic membrane, formed by the fusion of the chorion and the allantois. It is...
• chorionThe outermost extraembryonic membrane surrounding the developing embryo.
• chorismic acidA cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid derived from shikimic acid and a precursor for the biosynthesis of...
• chorizoA very spicy pork sausage seasoned with garlic and chili powder.
• choropleth mapsA map showing discrete areas, such as counties, soil units, vegetation types. These units are considered to...
• chromaffin cellsCells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the...
• chromaffin granulesOrganelles in chromaffin cells located in the adrenal glands and various other organs. These granules are the...
• chromatinThe material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA; histones; and nonhistone proteins ( chromosomal...
• chromatin immunoprecipitationA technique for identifying specific DNA sequences that are bound, in vivo, to proteins of interest. It...
• chromatophoresThe large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates which actively disperse and...
• chromosomal instabilityAn increased tendency to acquire chromosome aberrations when various processes involved in chromosome...
• chromosome bandingStaining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or...
• chromosome duplicationAn aberration in which an extra chromosome or a chromosomal segment is made.
• chromosome fragilitySusceptibility of chromosomes to breakage leading to translocation; chromosome inversion; sequence deletion...
• chromosome mappingAny method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
• chromosome paintingA technique for visualizing chromosome aberrations using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are...
• chromosome pairingThe alignment of chromosomes at homologous sequences during cell division.
• chromosome segregationDuring mitosis, the separation of one copy of each chromosome.
• chromosome translocationBreakage and removal of a large segment of DNA from one chromosome, followed by the segment's attachment to a...
• chromosome walkingA technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a...
• chromosomesIn a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA...
• chronic diseasesDiseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual...
• chronic exposureContact made between a chemical, physical or biological agent and an organism habitually for a long period of...
• chronic hepatitisInflammation of the liver with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by necrosis...
• chronic hepatitis BInflammation of the liver in humans caused by Hepatitis B virus lasting six months or more. It is primarily...
• chronic hepatitis CInflammation of the liver in humans that is caused by Hepatitis C virus lasting six months or more. Chronic...
• chronic hepatitis DInflammation of the liver in humans caused by Hepatitis delta virus in conjunction with Hepatitis B virus and...
• chronic toxicityAdverse reaction of an organism to a continuous or repeated exposure to a chemical substance over a long...
• chronic wasting diseaseA transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease) of deer and elk characterized by chronic weight...
• ChrysosporiumA mitosporic Onygenaceae fungal genus which causes adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and rodents...
• chylomicronsA class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the...
• CichlidaeA fresh water, bony, perch-like fish known commonly as cichlids, used in research.
• ciguateraCiguatera is a form of human poisoning caused by the consumption of subtropical and tropical marine finfish...
• ciguatoxinPhycotoxins produced by dinoflagellates.
• circadian clocksBiological mechanism that controls circadian rhythm. Circadian clocks exist in the simplest form in...
• circadian rhythmThe regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as...
• cisgenesAn identical copy of a gene that is derived either from the same species or from a different species that is...
• cisgenesisThe process of transferring of an intact gene or genes between organisms of same species or between species...
• cisgenic plantsA cisgenic plant contains one or more genes, from either the same species or from a different species, that...
• citizen scienceVoluntary public participation in the scientific process, addressing real-world problems in ways that may...
• citricultureThe cultivation of citrus fruit trees.
• citrininAntibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.
• CitrofortunellaIntergeneric hybrid between Citrus and Fortunella.
• Citroncirus webberiIntergeneric hybrid of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) which...
• Citrus nobilisInterspecific hybrid of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata).
• Citrus tangeloInterspecific hybrid of the grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and tangerine (Citrus reticulata).
• civil rightsRights of all individuals to equality under the law, sometimes denied because of personal characteristics...
• claddingA coating placed on the surface of a material and usually bonded to the material.
• cladodesFlattened, photosynthetic stems which resemble and function as leaves, such as are found in cacti and...
• clarithromycinA semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of...
• classical conditioningLearning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
• classificationThe forming, sorting, apportioning, grouping, or dividing of objects into classes to form an ordered...
• clavicleA bone on the ventral side of the shoulder girdle, which in humans is commonly called the collar bone.
• clavulanic acidClavulanic acid and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes...
• clavulanic acidsAcids, salts, and derivatives of clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N). They consist of those beta-lactam compounds that...
• Clean Air ActThe CAA is a federal law passed in 1970 that requires EPA to establish regulations to control the release of...
• clean fuelsEnergy sources from which pollutants and other impurities have been removed by refining, purification, and...
• Clean Water ActA Federal law that controls the discharge of pollutants into surface water in a number of ways, including...
• cleaningTo make free from dirt, stain or impurities upon visual inspection.
• clearcuttingThe cutting method that describes the silvicultural system in which the old crop is cleared over a...
• cleft palateCongenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.
• cleistogamyThe condition of having flowers which self-pollinate in the bud, without the opening of the flower. The...
• Clematis jackmaniiA probable interspecific hybrid between Clematis lanuginosa x Clematis viticella.
• Clerodendrum speciosumPossibly interspecific hybrid between Clerodendrum splendens x Clerodendrum thomsoniae.
• climacteric fruitsThey are characterized by a rapid increase in the rate of ethylene biosynthesis and respiration at an early...
• climateThe composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a region, throughout the year, averaged over a...
• climatologyBranch of meteorology that studies the average weather conditions and statistical variations for a specified...
• climax communitiesThe final or stable biotic community in a developmental series (sere); it is self-perpetuating and in...
• climax forestsA plant community that represents for its locality and its environment the culminating stage of a natural...
• clindamycinAn antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin.
• clinical trialsPre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more...
• clonesA cell or organism that is grown from one cell of its parent and is genetically identical to the parent from...
• cloning (animals)The formation of one or more genetically identical animals derived by reproduction from a single cell, which...
• cloning (cells)The process of producing a group of cells (clones), all genetically identical, from a single ancestor.
• cloning (plants)The production of a plant part or plant that is genetically identical to the plant species from which it is...
• clonorchiasisInfection of the biliary passages with Clonorchis sinensis, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to...
• cloprostenolA synthetic prostaglandin analog having luteolytic effects and used for estrus synchronization in livestock.
• closed loop systemsAn ecological or industrial system in which energy and material are conserved.
• close-grained woodWood with narrow, inconspicuous annual rings. The term is sometimes used to designate wood having small and...
• cloxacillinA semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of oxacillin.
• cluster analysisA set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups.
• cluster investigationA review of an unusual number, real or perceived, of health events (for example, reports of cancer) grouped...
• clutch sizeThe number of eggs (ova) laid by a female in a single egg-laying event.
• coalA readily combustible black or brownish-black rock whose composition, including inherent moisture, consists...
• coal gasificationConversion of solid coal to synthetic natural gas (SNG) or a gaseous mixture that can be burnt as fuel.
• coal tarA by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic...
• coalbed methaneCoalbed methane is methane contained in coal seams, and is often referred to as virgin coalbed methane, or...
• coarse woody debrisLarge dead woody material such as fallen trees and branches in various stages of decomposition that provides...
• coarse-grained woodWood with wide conspicuous annual rings in which there is considerable difference between earlywood and...
• coastal plainsThe lowland area between the seashore and the nearest hills, often gently sloping seaward, and representing a...
• coated vesiclesVesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles...
• cocaineAn alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and...
• coccidiosisProtozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of Coccidia.
• cocoa nibsCacao nibs are prepared by removing the shell from cured, cleaned, dried, and cracked cocoa beans.
• cocoa powderGround cocoa solids.
• cocoa solidsThe nonfat component of cocoa beans.
• coconut creamThe thick, pasty top layer which separates from coconut milk upon refrigeration or canning, and contains less...
• cocoonsThe silk coverings of pupae which are spun by larvae.
• cocultureA technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions...
• code of practiceThe rules and documented procedures established by regulatory bodies or trade associations which serve as a...
• Codex AlimentariusAn international food standards code developed jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the...
• codon usageThe frequency of occurrence, in a specific organism's DNA sequence, of one of several potential synonymous...
• coefficient of relationshipA measure of the degree of biological or genetic similarity between two organisms.
• coevolutionEvolution whereby genes or gene fragments of two or more ecologically interdependent species (e.g. a plant...
• cofactor engineeringDeliberately modify cofactor (such as NADH, NADPH) oxidation level by metabolic engineering techniques.
• coformycinA ribonucleoside antibiotic synergist and adenosine deaminase inhibitor isolated from Nocardia interforma and...
• cogeneration systemsAn energy conversion system in which power (electricity) is generated from a single energy source, and the...
• cognitionIntellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge.
• cohesionThe state in which the constituents of a mass of material are held together by chemical and physical forces.
• cohort studiesStudies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to...
• cold chainA temperature-controlled supply chain.
• cold pasteurizationNon-thermal treatment of foods such as microfiltration, irradiation, or high pressure to kill microorganisms...
• cold shock proteinsCellular proteins and peptides that are induced in response to cold stress. They are found in a broad variety...
• cold shock responseA sequence of responses that occur when an organism is exposed to excessive cold. In humans, a fall in skin...
• cold zonesPolar climates have year-round cold temperatures with the warmest month less than 50°F (10°C). Polar climates...
• colicA clinical syndrome with intermittent abdominal pain characterized by sudden onset and cessation. It is...
• coliform bacteriaA group of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. They are found in many...
• colistinCyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins...
• colitisInflammation of the colon section of the large intestine, usually with symptoms such as diarrhea (often with...
• collective actionIndividuals contributing to a coordinated effort on the basis of mutual interests and the possibility of...
• collectivizationOrganizing an economy, industry or enterprise based on the political or economic theory of group control...
• colluviumRock detritrus and soil accumulated at the foot of a slope.
• colonial waterbirdsColonial waterbirds include marine birds, gulls, terns, herons, egrets, storks, and other species that...
• colonizing abilityAbility of an organism (e.g, microbe, plant, animal) to survive and thrive in a new habitat.
• colonoscopyEndoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon.
• colony collapse disorderA syndrome in honey bee colonies in which worker bees do not return to the hive and results in death of the...
• color visionThe ability to see different wavelengths in the color spectrum of visible light due to photoreception by the...
• colposcopyThe examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and vagina by means of a specially designed endoscope...
• coltsMale horses less than three years old.
• combine harvestersSelf-propelled or tractor-drawn harvesting machines which cut the standing crop (small grains, sorghum...
• combustionThe chemical reaction of oxygen with another element or compound. The reaction is accompanied by the release...
• combustion efficiencyA measure of how effectively the heat content of a fuel in a combustion appliance (i.e. furnace or boiler) is...
• comet assayA genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel...
• commensalismA type of symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and other is unaffected.
• commercial farmsfarms which produce crops and livestock primarily for sale.
• commercial horticultureThe raising and tending of horticultural crops to produce products for sale and profit, regardless of the...
• commodity futuresBuying or selling of a set amount of a commodity at a predetermined price and date.
• Common Agricultural PolicyRegulations of the European Union merging members' agricultural programs by stabilizing and raising prices of...
• common coldA catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally...
• common land unitThe smallest unit of land which has a permanent, contiguous boundary, common management or treatment, common...
• common namesThe familiar or short name given to an object, popularized by local custom or by specific groups.
• community developmentAction taken to foster sociocultural change and improve quality of life in local communities.
• community ecologyThe study of the relationships among communities of organisms and their environment.
• community feeding centersOrganizations or facilities that prepare or assemble meals for distribution either onsite or offsite to needy...
• community gardensCommunity gardens are collaborative projects on shared open spaces where participants share in the...
• community health workersPersons trained to assist professional health personnel in communicating with residents in the community...
• community programsPrograms administered at the community level intended to meet a public need, solve a social problem, or...
• community supported agricultureCommunity Supported Agriculture consists of a community of individuals who pledge support to a farm operation...
• comorbidityThe presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference...
• companion cropsCrops that are compatible with each other and grow well together. Companion crops are grown at the same time...
• comparative genomic hybridizationA method for comparing two sets of chromosomal DNA by analyzing differences in the copy number and location...
• comparative risk assessmentThe process of comparing and ranking various types of risks to identify priorities and influence resource...
• comparative studyComparison of outcomes, results, responses, etc. for different techniques, therapeutic approaches or other...
• competitive exclusionThe displacement or elimination of a species from its habitat by another species through interspecific...
• complementary RNASynthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This...
• complications (disease)The concurrent coexistence of two or more conditions or disease states; the conditions may pre-exist or...
• composite breedsComposites are a population made up of two or more component breeds, designed to retain heterosis (hybrid...
• composite materialsManufactured products that are made from two or more materials which have distinct chemical and physical...
• composite polymersSubstance obtained when two or more types of monomers polymerize.
• compost extractsLiquid extracts of compost which may be used as a plant growth stimulator/fertilizer/insecticide or for plant...
• compostingThe biodecomposition of organic material, such as animal wastes, plant residues or sludges, in the presence...
• compostsOrganic residues, or a mixture of organic residues and soil, which have been piled, moistened, and allowed to...
• compound leavesA compound leaf is a leaf whose lamina/blade is divided into two or more smaller leaflets.
• compressibilityThe ability of a material to be reduced in size or volume by compression.
• compression strengthThe maximum compression a material can bear before fracturing.
• compression woodAbnormal wood formed on the lower side of branches and inclined trunks of softwood trees. Compression wood...
• computational toxicologyComputational toxicology concerns the use of computational tools to support integrative approaches to...
• computer graphicsThe technique of combining computer calculations with various display devices, printers, plotters, etc. to...
• computer literacyHaving the basic skills in the use of computers.
• computer securityProtective measures against unauthorized access to or interference with computer operating systems...
• computer simulationComputer-calculated representation of a process, device, or concept in mathematical form.
• computer softwareA complete set of instructions which cause an electronic computer to perform a set task. Several computer...
• computer visionCapability of computers to analyze and act on visual input.
• computer-aided designThe use of the computer in design work.
• concatenated DNAHead to tail array of covalently joined DNA sequences generated by concatenation. Concatenated DNA is...
• concentrated animal feeding operationsA facility where large numbers of farm animals are confined, fed and raised such as cattle feedlots, hog...
• concentrated milkMade by the partial removal of water from fluid milk, however, unlike evaporated milk it is not subjected to...
• concentratingThe process of increasing the amount of dissolved substance in a solution by evaporating the solvent.
• concentration (economics)A measure of the degree to which a few large firms dominate total sales, production or capacity within an...

739 of 6,908 terms in Agriculture and food terminology (MLC-0114). Request the full dataset.