Agriculture and food terminology · MLC-0114

Agriculture and food terms: N (227)

• nafcillinA semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.
• Nairobi sheep diseaseAn arbovirus infection of sheep and goats transmitted by ticks. It is characterized by high fever and...
• nanocapsulesNanometer-sized, hollow, spherically-shaped objects that can be utilized to encapsulate small amounts of...
• nanocatalystsA catalyst the size of a nanometer that causes a chemical reaction to happen more quickly.
• nanoclaysA nanomaterial composed of a clay mineral with sheet thicknesses of one nanometer.
• nanocompositesNanocomposites are materials that are made by the introduction of nanoparticles into a matrix. The resulting...
• nanocrystalsCrystals with the size of approximately 10nm.
• nanodiamondsDiamond particles measuring less than 100 nanometers.
• nanoemulsionsTranslucent dispersions of nanosized scale droplets (nanodroplet size range from 1 to 100 nm).
• nanofibersSubmicron-sized fibers with diameters typically between 50 and 500 nanometers. The very small dimension of...
• nanofluidsFluids containing nanometer-sized particles, called nanoparticles.
• nanogelsThree-dimensional biocompatible materials formed by cross-linking a hydrophilic polymeric component (e.g...
• nanomaterialsMaterials with at least one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
• nanomedicineThe branch of medicine concerned with the application of nanotechnology to the prevention and treatment of...
• nanometalsMetal particles in the size range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
• nanoparticlesNanoparticles are bits of material in which all three dimensions of the particles are within the nanoscale...
• nanoplasticsNanoparticles made out of plastic materials. Nanopartículas de materiales plásticos.
• nanoporesSmall holes of nanometer dimensions in a membrane, that can be used as single molecule detectors. The pores...
• nanorodsNanoscale structures that are shaped like long dowels. The structures have a diameter that is measured in the...
• nanosilverNanosized silver particles in a range of 1-100 nm and which contain 20-15,000 silver atoms.
• nanospheresSpherical particles, usually ranging between 50nm to 1000nm in size, that have potential as drug carriers and...
• nanotechnologyThe understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers (a nanometer...
• nanotoxicologyNanotoxicology is a branch of toxicology concerned with the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials, which can...
• nanotubesNanostructures having a closed, tubular morphology that can be single-walled or multi-walled. The structures...
• nanowiresNanometer-scale wires made of materials that conduct electricity. They can be coated with molecules such as...
• naphthacenesPolyacenes with four ortho-fused benzene rings in a straight linear arrangement. This group is best known for...
• naphthalenesTwo-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical...
• napinNapin is a basic 2S albumin seed protein found in rapeseed (Brassica napus). It is a low molecular weight...
• NaproxenAn anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are...
• narcolepsyA condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness...
• narcoticsAgents that induce narcosis. This term is considered outdated due to imprecision but continues to be widely...
• narrative appealPersuasive tactic which uses descriptive evidence in the form of stories to communicate a message, usually...
• nasopharyngitisInflammation of the nasopharynx usually caused by a viral infection.
• nastic movementThe movement of plant parts in response to non-directional stimuli. The stimulus may be external, such as the...
• natamycinAmphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for...
• National Ambient Air Quality StandardsStandards which define the levels of air quality which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency judges are...
• National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in ResearchThe NC3Rs is a UK-based scientific organisation dedicated to replacing, refining and reducing the use of...
• National Environmental Policy ActAn act to declare a National policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his...
• National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesThe National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Superfund Basic Research Program, provides...
• National Institute of Food and AgricultureAn agency within U.S. Department of Agriculture formerly known as the Cooperative State Research, Education...
• national parksAn area of land and/or sea usually owned and administered by a national government and is protected from...
• natriuretic peptidesPeptides that regulate the water-electrolyte balance in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones.
• nattoA Japanese condiment and flavoring which has a glutinous texture and strong cheeselike flavor and is made of...
• natural capitalThe stock of natural resources, land and ecosystems that provides a flow of economically valuable goods or...
• natural enemiesLiving organisms found in nature that kill, weaken, or reduce the reproductive potential of other organisms.
• natural gasHydrocarbons that exist as a gas or vapor at ordinary pressures and temperatures. Methane is the most...
• natural pruningThe natural dying and breaking off of the lower branches of trees due to shading from the upper canopy.
• natural resource managementThe application of scientific and technical principles in the management of natural resources, such as land...
• natural resourcesAll the parts of the Earth that are not human-made and which people use, like fish, trees, minerals, lakes...
• natural resources conservationThe protection, preservation, or restoration of natural resources such as forests, soil, water and wildlife.
• naupliiA first stage of the larva of some crustaceans which is free-swimming and has three pairs of appendages, a...
• Navajo IndiansPeoples indigenous to Southwestern United States. It is the largest tribe of all Native American Indians.
• navicular diseaseChronic inflammation of the navicular bone and bursa of the front foot in horses, causing lameness and a...
• necromassThe mass of dead organisms (microbes, plants, insects etc.) usually expressed per unit of land surface or...
• necropsyA postmortem examination to determine cause of death or to study pathology of a disease.
• necrosisDeath of tissue, usually as individual cells, group of cells, or in localized areas.
• necrotizing hepatopancreatitisA severe bacterial disease of farmed shrimp caused by a gram-negative alpha-proteobacterium.
• needs assessmentSystematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper...
• negative sense, single-stranded RNA virusesA group of RNA viruses whose negative single strand of viral RNA (3' to 5') has base sequence complementary...
• nektonActively-swimming aquatic organisms which, unlike plankton, are able to navigate against water currents.
• nematicidesPesticides that kill nematodes.
• nematocystsNematocysts are the taxon-defining features of all cnidarians including jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals...
• neomycinAntibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by...
• neonicotinoid insecticidesThe neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides with a common mode of action that affects the central nervous...
• neoplasm antigensProteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by...
• neoplasm progressionNeoplasm that continues to grow or spread.
• neoplasm proteinsProteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression...
• neoplasmsNew abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties...
• neoplastic cell transformationCell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the...
• neoplastic processesThe pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent...
• NeorickettsiaA genus of bacteria that causes disease in humans, horses, dogs and other canids.
• NeosporaA genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass Coccidia. Its species are parasitic in dogs, cattle, goats...
• neotenyThe persistence of some larval or juvenile characteristics in adults of the species, as seen in some...
• nephelometryChemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of...
• nephronsThe functional units of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus and the attached tubule.
• nephrosisPathological processes of the kidney without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a...
• nephrotic syndromeA condition characterized by severe proteinuria, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial...
• nerve agentsNerve agents are highly toxic chemicals called "organophosphates" that poison the nervous system and disrupt...
• nerve endingsBranch-like terminations of nerve fibers, sensory or motor neurons. Endings of sensory neurons are the...
• nerve fibersSlender processes of neurons, including the axons and their glial envelopes (myelin sheath). Nerve fibers...
• nerve regenerationRenewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
• nervous system diseasesDiseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord...
• nest scoring (welfare)A method of evaluating the welfare of laboratory mice by analyzing their building of nests with bedding...
• nest successNest success is defined as a nest where nest young survive to an age of maturity to fledge or fledgling.
• nestednessA measurement or analysis of the patterns of species distribution within naturally fragmented habitats (such...
• nesting behaviorThe instinct or urge that an animal has to create or build a nest for itself or its offspring for shelter...
• nestlingsA young bird that is not yet able to fly and stays in the nest.
• nestmate recognitionA discrimination behavior exhibited by social insects belonging to different colonies, mediated by odors...
• net ecosystem exchangeA measurement of the quantity of carbon entering and leaving the ecosystem, usually associated with carbon...
• net ecosystem productionThe difference between the amount of organic carbon fixed in an ecosystem by photosynthesis (gross primary...
• net farm incomeA measurement of the profit or loss associated with a given year's production. It is an approximation of the...
• net radiationEarth's net radiation, sometimes called net flux, is the balance between incoming and outgoing energy at the...
• netilmicinSemisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to...
• neural stem cellsSelf-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult...
• neurilemmaThe nerve husk. The outermost part of the myelin sheath covering a myelinated nerve fiber or a bundle of...
• neuritesIn tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These...
• neurocysticercosisInfection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus Taenia...
• neurodegenerative diseasesHereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These...
• neuroendoscopyProcedures that use neuroendoscopes for diseasse diagnosis and treatment. Neuroendoscopy, generally an...
• neurofibrilsThe delicate interlacing threads, formed by aggregations of neurofilaments and neurotubules, coursing through...
• neurogenesisFormation of neurons which involves the differentiation and division of stem cells in which one or both of...
• neurogliaThe non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to...
• neurohormonesA hormone, e.g. norepinephrine, vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone, or acetylcholine, secreted by...
• neurological examinationAssessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous...
• neuromuscular disordersA general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease; peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain...
• neuronsThe basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their...
• neuropathologyThe study of diseases and disorders of the nervous system.
• neuropeptidesPeptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by...
• neuroplasticityThe capacity of the nervous system to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
• neuroradiographyRadiography of the central nervous system.
• neuroschistosomiasisSchistosomiasis of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges caused by infections with trematodes of the genus...
• neurotensinA biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension...
• neurotransmitter receptorsCell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into...
• neurotrophinsFactors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.
• neutral oilAn oil obtained by distillation, which is untreated with either acid or alkali.
• neutral red uptake assay (NRU)An in-vitro cell-based approach that assesses the cellular uptake of a dye in the presence of a particular...
• neutralizing antibodiesAntibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually...
• neutronsElectrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal...
• neutropeniaA decrease in the number of neutrophils found in the blood.
• neutrophilsGranular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and...
• new combinationThe transfer of a validly published subspecies to another species, or a validly published species to another...
• New England regionRegion in Northeast section of the United States, including Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire...
• New GuineaAn island in the west Pacific Ocean divided into Irian Jaya (Indonesia) and Papua New Guinea (independent...
• Newcastle diseaseA highly infectious viral disease of poultry. Symptoms include reduced yield of often soft and misshapen...
• news mediaThe various modes of communicating news to the public.
• niche conservatismThe retention of niche-related ecological traits by a species over time and space.
• nichesHow an organism fits into the ecosystem - where it lives, what it consumes, what consumes it, and how it...
• nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide and...
• nicotinic receptorsOne of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by...
• nigericinA polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by...
• night visionThe ability to see in the darkness of night or at low levels of illumination due to photoreception by the...
• nisinA 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food...
• nitrilaseHydrolases act on aromatic nitriles, aliphatiic nitriles and acid amides.
• nitro compoundsCompounds having the nitro group, -NO2, attached to carbon. When attached to nitrogen they are nitramines and...
• nitroaromatic compoundsOrganic compounds that consist of at least one nitro group attached to an aromatic ring.
• nitrobenzoic acidsBenzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more nitro groups.
• nitrofurantoinA urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although...
• nitrogen cycleThe sequence of biochemical changes undergone by nitrogen, wherein it is used by a living organism, liberated...
• nitrogen fixationThe biological or chemical process by which elemental nitrogen from the air is converted to organic or...
• nitrogen-fixing treesTrees that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable form through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria...
• nitroreductasesEnzymes which reduce nitro groups (nitro compounds) and other nitrogenous compounds.
• nitrosaminesA class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and...
• nitrosylationAny chemical reaction in which a nitrosyl group (NO) is added to a metal or another free radical.
• nitrous acidNitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable...
• nixtamalizationNixtamalization involves cooking and steeping corn in a lime solution, then washing and grinding the corn to...
• no observed adverse effect levelThe highest exposure level at which there are no biologically significant increases in the frequency or...
• nocardiosisInfections caused by bacteria of the genus Nocardia.
• nociceptionSensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by nociceptors. It is the sensory component of...
• nocturnal activityAnimal and human activity during the night. Compare "diurnal activity".
• nogalamycinAn anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits...
• noise pollutionAny sound which is unwanted or interferes with hearing other sounds.
• non-coding RNARNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although...
• nondestructive methodsNondestructive techniques are the means by which materials and structures may be interrogated without...
• nonhuman primatesNon-human primates are a group of mammals composed of simians - monkeys and apes - and prosimians, such as...
• nonindustrial private forestsForest land owned by a private individual, group or corporation not part of the timber industry.
• noninvasive proceduresAny procedure or method not requiring entry into the body cavity. It can also refer to any methods that...
• nonmammalian embryoThe developmental entity of a fertilized egg (zygote) in animal species other than mammals.
• nonnutritive sweetenersSweeteners that do not have any significant energy or nutrient content
• nonpoint source pollutionPollution whose source is general rather than specific in location. It is widely used in reference to...
• nonprofit corporationsA business organization where the income or profit of the corporation is not distributed to corporation...
• nonrenewable resourcesNatural resources that cannot be regenerated or grown at a sustainable rate to meet demand, including fossil...
• nonribosomal peptidesNon-ribosomal peptides are microbial secondary metabolites, synthesized independently without mRNA and...
• nonsense mutationA mutation in which a sense codon (which codes for an amino acid) is converted to the same sequence as a stop...
• nonsteroidal estrogensNon-steroidal compounds with estrogenic activity.
• nontariff trade barriersAny government measure other than tariffs that restricts trade flows.
• non-vascular plantsPlants, such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which do not contain the specialized vascular tissue...
• NorecopaNorecopa is Norway's National Consensus Platform for the advancement of "the 3 Rs" (Replacement, Reduction...
• norlignansGroups of plant secondary metabolites containing diphenylpentane skeleton.
• normal distributionContinuous frequency distribution of infinite range. Its properties are as follows: 1, continuous...
• normalized difference vegetation indexA transformation of satellite-based measurements computed as the ratio of reflectance in the red and...
• normoxiaA state of normal oxygen levels, where the ambient oxygen pressure is equal to the partial pressure of oxygen...
• North American 3Rs CollaborativeA nonprofit organization whose mission is to advance science, innovation, and research animal welfare.
• Northern blottingDetection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or...
• nose diseasesDiseases of the nose and nasal cavity.
• notifiable diseaseA disease required to be reported to federal, state, or local health authorities because of infectivity...
• no-tillageA system of planting crops without tilling the soil with a plow, disk, chisel, or other tillage implement.
• novel foodsFoods produced from ingredients that have not traditionally been used for human consumption in the area of...
• novobiocinAn antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin...
• noxious weedsA weed arbitrarily defined by laws as being especially undesirable. The definition of this term will vary...
• N-substituted glycinesAmino acids composed of glycine substituted at the nitrogen rather than the usual carbon position, resulting...
• nucellusThe tissue of an ovule, in which the female gametophyte (embryo sac) develops, the megasporangium.
• nuclear familyA family composed of spouses and their children.
• nuclear inclusionsCircumscribed masses of foreign or metabolically inactive materials, within the cell nucleus. Some are viral...
• nuclear laminaA lattice of fibrils which covers the entire inner surface of the nuclear envelope and interlinks nuclear...
• nuclear localization signalsShort, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These...
• nuclear matrixThe residual framework structure of the cell nucleus that maintains many of the overall architectural...
• nuclear membraneThe membrane system of the cell nucleus that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric...
• nuclear poreAn opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins...
• nuclear powerEnergy that comes from breaking apart the center (nucleus) of an atom.
• nuclear transplantationMoving a cell nucleus from one cell to another enucleated cell, usually an oocyte which is then stimulated to...
• nucleic acid conformationThe spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic...
• nucleocapsidA unit of basic viral structure consisting of the viral genome and surrounding capsid.
• nucleocytoplasmic interactionThe reciprocal interaction of the cytoplasmic environment and nuclear gene expression.
• nucleocytoplasmic transportActive transport mechanisms for movement across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.
• nucleolus organizer regionThe chromosome region which is active in nucleolus formation and which functions in the synthesis of...
• nucleoporinsProteins that form the structure of the nuclear pore. They are involved in active, facilitated and passive...
• nucleosidesPurine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose.
• nucleoside-triphosphate phosphataseAn enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphates. It may also...
• nucleosomesThe repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound...
• nucleotide aptamersNucleotide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX aptamer technique, that bind to a target...
• nucleotide motifsCommonly observed base sequence or nucleotide structural components which can be represented by a consensus...
• nucleotide sequencesThe sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides.
• nucleotidesA subunit of DNA or RNA consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA...
• nuclidesA general term used to describe the full range of elements and their isotopes.
• null allelesMutant forms of a gene producing no gene product or expressing a nonfunctional gene product, therefore...
• nullisomicshaving a diploid set of chromosomes where one homologous pair is missing, e.g. 2N-2.
• nurse plantsPlants that provide shelter for younger or more valuable trees, crops or other plants by protecting them from...
• nursing homesFacilities which provide nursing supervision and limited medical care to persons who do not require...
• nutationMovement of plant parts caused by irregular growth, such as the circular movement detected in growing...
• nutrient availabilityThe availability of nutrients to be taken up and used by living biological organisms.
• nutrient managementManaging the amount, source, placement, form, and timing of the application of nutrients and soil amendments...
• nutrient offtakeNutrient removal from the soil system through the harvest of crops.
• nutrient resorption (physiology)An organism's assimiliation of nutrients that had been previously released.
• nutrientsAny substance that contributes to the growth and health of a living organism.
• nutrients of public health concernNutrients that are overconsumed or underconsumed and current intakes may pose a substantial public health...
• nutrigenomicsThe study of the relationship between nutritional physiology and genetic makeup. It includes the effect of...
• nutrition assessmentEvaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the...
• Nutrition Evidence Systematic ReviewUSDA's Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review (NESR), formerly the Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL)...
• nutrition monitoringThe collection and analysis of patient data in order to monitor the health status of the population and...
• nutrition risk assessmentThe qualitative or quantitative evaluation of the likelihood of adverse effects related to nutritional...
• nutrition surveysA systematic collection of factual data pertaining to the nutritional status of a human population within a...
• nutritional ecologyNutritional ecology is the study of the relationship of an organism with its environment through nutritional...
• nutritional gelsA flavored, gelatin-based supplement fed to laboratory animals following surgery or stressful procedures...
• nutritional interventionA clinical trial of diets or dietary supplements customized to one or more specific risk groups, such as...
• nutrition-genotype interactionNutrient regulation of gene expression.
• nutritive valueAn indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the...
• nystatinMacrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces...

227 of 6,908 terms in Agriculture and food terminology (MLC-0114). Request the full dataset.