Agriculture and food terminology · MLC-0114

Agriculture and food terms: E (376)

• ear canalThe narrow passage way that conducts the sound collected by the ear auricle to the tympanic membrane.
• ear diseasesPathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.
• ear notchingA method of identifying small laboratory animals such as mice and rats by cutting or removing small areas of...
• early childhood educationEducation of students from preschool through grade 3.
• earlywoodThe portion of the growth ring that is formed during the early part of the growing season. It is usually less...
• earthwormsA common polyphagous annelid having a tube or cylinder shaped segmented body. It is a hermaphrodite and plays...
• Eastern equine encephalitis virusA species of Alphavirus causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic...
• ecdysisThe periodic shedding of the older cuticle layer or exoskeleton at the end of each molt as seen in insects...
• echinococcosisAn infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver...
• echinostomiasisInfection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.
• echolocationAn auditory orientation mechanism involving the emission of high frequency sounds which are reflected back to...
• eclosionEscape of the adult insect from the cuticle of the pupa, the cocoons, or the puparium, or, in hemimetabolous...
• eco-efficiencyThe relationship between economic outputs of products, processes and services and their environmental impact...
• ecolabelingA symbol, graphic or statement that appears on products or their packaging in order to convey an...
• ecological balanceA state of dynamic equilibrium within a community of organisms in which genetic, species, and ecosystem...
• ecological competitionThe simultaneous demand by two or more organisms or species for a necessary resource in their environment...
• ecological economicsA transdisciplinary field of study that integrates environmental, social and economic systems that examines...
• ecological footprintAn ecological footprint is a measurement of the area, whether land- or water-based, required to support a...
• ecological invasioninterspecific competition where native species are competing with nonnative species for resources (e.g...
• ecological resilienceThe level of disturbance that an ecosystem can undergo without crossing a threshold to a situation with...
• ecological site descriptionsAn ecological site description (ESD) is a document describing the biotic and abiotic factors that influence...
• ecological studiesAn ecological study is an observational study in which data is analysed at the population or group level...
• ecological valueThe worth attributed to an organism, ecosystem, product, resource or activity, in terms of benefits to the...
• ecological zonesLarge biogeographical units of land/water that are characterized by their distinct species and communities...
• ecologyA branch of science concerned with the interrelationships of organisms and their cycles and rhythms...
• econometricsThe testing and quantifying of economic theories and the solution of economic problems by their conversion to...
• economic analysisAn analysis of the economic effects of a given action. It includes measurement of all pertinent desirable and...
• economic behaviorThe predicted or observable activity or manner in which decisions are made regarding the management of...
• economic demandThe desire to purchase economic goods or services at the market price.
• economic depressionA multi-year extended period of declining economic growth which is typically seen as being more severe than...
• economic developmentAny effort or process that promotes the improvement of the economy of a region and the quality of life of its...
• economic dispatchThe operation of generation facilities to produce energy at the lowest cost to reliably serve consumers...
• economic evaluationComparison of two or more alternative courses of action in terms of both their costs and their consequences...
• economic productivityCapacity of a system to produce high levels of output or responsiveness of the output of a system to inputs.
• economic recessionThe contraction phase of the business cycle lasting for a few months to several years. A recession is...
• economic sectorsA part of a country's or region's commercial, industrial and financial activity, delimited either by public...
• economic sustainabilityThe application of economic concepts, models, and tools to the sustainable development of resources...
• economic valuationEstimating or appraising the worth of things having financial or monetary value, including property, assets...
• economies of scaleThe increase in production efficiency as the number of goods being produced increases and production costs...
• ecophysiologyThe study of the adaptive response of an organism's physiology to its environment.
• ecoregionsPhysical regions which are characterized by their distinct species and communities and are also classified by...
• ecosystem engineeringThe physical modification, maintenance, or creation of habitats by ecosystem engineers.
• ecosystem engineersAny organism that create, modify or maintain habitats by causing physical changes in biotic and abiotic...
• ecosystem managementA natural resource management strategy or plan which is ecologically-based and considers all organisms and...
• ecosystem respirationThe total respiration of all organisms living in a given ecosystem.
• ecosystem servicesBenefits people and other organisms obtain from ecosystems; examples include: pure water and clean air...
• ecosystemsA natural community of plants, animals, and other living organisms and the physical environment in which they...
• ecotonesZones of transition where two or more ecosystems meet.
• ecotourismTravel to natural settings with focus on the appreciation, conservation, preservation and sustainability of...
• ecotoxicologyThe term was first coined in 1969 by René Truhaut. The science of poisons and toxic substances occurring in...
• ecotypesA subspecific group that is genetically adapted to a particular habitat.
• ectodermThe outer layer of an embryonic germ layer.
• ectomycorrhizaeA mycorrhiza growing in a close web on the surface of an associated root; generally formed by basidiomycete...
• ectothermyThe use of environmental or ambient heat to control body temperature. Body temperature of ectothermic animals...
• eczemaA pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents.
• edaphic factorsA condition of the soil, whether physical, biological or chemical, that influences the organisms and...
• eddy covarianceA statistical measure used in meteorological studies to demonstrate the movement and emissions of heat or...
• edemaAbnormal fluid accumulation in tissues or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the skin in...
• edge effectsEcological characteristics associated with the junction between two dissimiliar habitat types or ecosystems...
• edible filmsPackaging materials that can be directly consumed. They provide barrier and protection, while enhancing...
• edible insectsOrganisms of the Insecta class that are used as food or are suitable as a nutritional source, especially by...
• edible vaccinesVaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. Transgenic plants are used as recombinant protein...
• educational statusEducational attainment or level of education of individuals.
• eel cultureThe cultivation of eels for food or other purposes.
• EF hand motifsCalcium-binding motifs composed of two helixes (E and F) joined by a loop. Calcium is bound by the loop...
• effective porosityThe amount of interconnected pore space through which fluids can pass. Effective porosity is usually less...
• effective precipitationEffective precipitation is defined as the difference between total precipitation (rainfall) and potential...
• efficacy testingEfficacy testing is a set of procedures in product research and development that are conducted to test the...
• effluentsAny liquid waste or byproduct that enters the environment from a point source.
• egg hatchabilityAbility of the egg to hatch.
• egg massesThe group of eggs (ova) laid by a female in a single egg-laying event.
• egg toothA small horny, tooth-like growth, usually on the upper or lower mandible of an embryonic bird or the snout of...
• egg weightThe weight of an individual egg.
• Ehlers Danlos syndromeA heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited collagen diseases caused by defects in the synthesis or...
• EhrlichiaA genus of bacteria that that is primarily vectored by ticks and cause disease in humans, ruminants, canids...
• ehrlichiosisA tick-borne disease characterized by fever, headache, myalgias, anorexia, and occasionally rash. Causal...
• El Gran ChacoA vast plain with varied environment and climatic zones that extends through northern Argentina, southeastern...
• El NinoA warming of the ocean current along the coasts of Peru and Ecuador that is generally associated with...
• elaioplastsPlastids that synthesize and store oils.
• elasticitiesMeasures of responsiveness of one economic variable to another.
• elasticity imaging techniquesNon-invasive imaging methods based on the mechanical response of an object to a vibrational or impulsive...
• elasticity of substitutionA measurement of the effect on consumption of each of two goods if the price of the other changes.
• electric dischargesThe flowing of electricity through a gas, resulting in the emission of radiation that is characteristic of...
• electric furnacesFurnaces whose heat is derived from electrical energy, generally achieved through resistance heating.
• electric generatorsA device that converts a heat, chemical or mechanical energy into electricity.
• electric impedanceA ratio between applied voltage and resulting current.
• electric utilitiesA corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or instrumentality aligned with distribution...
• electrochemical capacitorsDevices that store energy in the electric field of an electro-chemical double-layer.
• electrochemiluminescenceLuminescence produced during electrochemical reactions of compounds in solution.
• electrocorticographyRecording of brain electrical activities in which the electrodes are placed directly on the cerebral cortex.
• electrodesElectric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic...
• electrodialysisA diffusion process that uses electrical current applied to permeable membranes to remove electrolytes or...
• electroencephalographyRecording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the...
• electrofusionFusion by the application of an electric current; In biological systems, the method is used to fuse cells.
• electrolysisDestruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in...
• electrolytesA substance which dissociates (separates) into two or more ions when it is dissolved in water.
• electron transport chainThe sequence of electron-carrying proteins that transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH, to...
• electronarcosisProfound stupor produced by passing an electric current through the brain.
• electronic chipsA small piece of silicon or other semiconducting material used to make an integrated circuit.
• electronic learningUsing electronic devices, applications, or processes to acquire or transfer knowledge, attitudes, or skills...
• electronsStable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called...
• electroosmosisThe motion of a liquid through a membrane (or plug or capillary) consequent upon the application of an...
• electrophoresisAn electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate...
• electroplatingCoating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis.
• electroporationA technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of...
• electroretinographyRecording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.
• electrospray ionization mass spectrometryA mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules...
• electrosynthesisA chemical synthesis reaction that is induced by an electric current.
• elementary educationEducation of students from kindergarten through grades 6, 7, or 8 (which is dependent on the school system).
• elementary flowMaterial or energy entering or leaving the system being studied, which has been drawn from or emitted to the...
• elementary particlesIndividual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the...
• elite treesA tree which is greatly superior to the average tree of the same species in some inherited characteristics as...
• elytraThe outer hardened forewings of beetles and some other insects that cover and protect the hindwings or...
• Elytrigia littoreaIntergeneric hybrid of Elymus repens x Thinopyrum junceum.
• Elytrigia obtusiusculaInterspecific hybrid of Thinopyrum pycnanthum x Thinopyrum junceum.
• emaciationClinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition.
• embodied energyThe total energy required to produce a product is considered to be figuratively represented or embodied in...
• embolismBlocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood...
• embryo transferThe transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve...
• embryonic germ layersThe three primary germinal layers (ectoderm; endoderm; and mesoderm) developed during gastrulation that...
• embryonic mortalityDeath of the embryo during embryogenesis.
• emergent plantsAquatic plants which have their upper structures (e.g. leaves, stems or inflorescences) extended out of the...
• emerging diseasesInfectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.
• emergyAvailable energy of one kind previously required directly or indirectly to make a product or service...
• emeticsAgents that cause vomiting. They may act directly on the gastrointestinal tract, bringing about emesis...
• emissionsDischarges into the environment, such as gases, particulates, odors, dust, heat, steam, etc.
• emissions factorA unique value for scaling emissions to activity data in terms of a standard rate of emissions per unit of...
• empirical researchThe study, based on direct observation, use of statistical records, interviews, or experimental methods, of...
• employmentThe state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.
• emulsifiersChemicals which promote emulsification and maintain the emulsion stability.
• emulsifyingThe formation of a mixture of two liquids, such as oil and water, in which one of the liquids is in the form...
• enantiomersA pair of stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other analogous to human hands. They...
• encephalitisInflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral...
• encephalitozoonosisInfection with fungi of the genus Encephalitozoon. Lesions commonly occur in the brain and kidney tubules...
• encephalomalaciaSoftening or loss of brain tissue following cerebral infarction; cerebral ischemia, infection, craniocerebral...
• endangered speciesA species as defined in the Endangered Species Act, that is in danger of extinction through a significant...
• Endangered Species Act of 1973Repeals and replaces the Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969. An act to provide a means whereby...
• endemic diseasesThe constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It...
• endemic goiterA form of iodine deficiency disorders characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland in a significantly...
• endocarditisInflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers...
• endocarpA portion of plant tissue that is the innermost differentiated layer of a pericarp.
• endocrine glandsDuctless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood circulation. These hormones influence the...
• endodermThe inner layer of an embryonic germ layer.
• endodonticsA dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp in a state of health and the treatment...
• endomembrane systemSuspended membranes locating in eukaryotic cytoplasm.
• endometriosisA condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the uterus. It is often confined to the...
• endometritisInflammation of the endometrium, usually caused by intrauterine infections.
• endomycorrhizaeA mycorrhiza penetrating into the associated root and ramifying between the cells; generally formed by...
• endoparasitoidsParasitoids which at some time in their life history develop inside the body of their host. Immature...
• endophallusThe inner membranous wall or sac of the aedeagus which is extended during copulation.
• endoplasmic reticulum stressVarious physiological or molecular disturbances that impair endoplasmic reticulum function. It triggers many...
• endopolyploidyA polyploid state in which the chromosomes of a cell have divided and duplicated repeatedly without...
• endoscopesInstruments for the visual examination of interior structures of the body. There are rigid endoscopes and...
• endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographyFiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of Vater's ampulla, in order to...
• endoscopic sphincterotomyIncision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope...
• endoscopyProcedures of applying endoscopes for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical...
• endosomesCytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize...
• endospermNutritive tissue of the seeds of flowering plants that surrounds the embryos. It is produced by a parallel...
• endospore forming bacteriaA group of rods or cocci whose taxonomic affinities are uncertain. They form endospores, thick-walled bodies...
• endothelin receptorsCell surface proteins that bind endothelins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which...
• endothelins21-amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors.
• endothermyThe ability to generate and regulate internal body temperature. Erroneously considered synonymous with...
• endotoxemiaA condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of...
• endotoxinsToxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not...
• endozoochoryThe dispersal of plant seeds or spores through ingestion by animals and subsequently dropping it through...
• endpoint indicatorFinal point in the cause-effect chain of a particular impact category.
• endpointsA biological or ecological characteristic that is the basis for evaluation or measurement.
• energy caneA high-fiber yielding sugar cane variety or it's inter-specific hybrid that is cultivated to get higher...
• energy conversionThe change of energy from one form to another.
• energy cropsCrops grown specifically to provide the raw materials for energy production, including food crops such as...
• energy densityThe energy per unit weight or volume.
• energy deprivationWithholding energy from animals, insects, and humans in involuntary, controlled or uncontrolled settings.
• energy drinksA beverage that contains caffeine as an ingredient, along with other ingredients, such as taurine, herbal...
• energy efficiencyThe ratio of the energy output to the total energy input of a process.
• energy expenditureThe combination of basal energy needs, plus the thermic effect of food, plus a small amount of energy needed...
• energy flowThe movement and transformation of energy within and among ecological and industrial systems.
• energy metabolismThe chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.
• energy recoverySaving or recovering energy which would otherwise be loss from processing or waste.
• engineeringThe application of physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles for practical purposes, such as the...
• enhancer elementsCis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either...
• enriched cagesAn enclosure for animals which includes items such as toys, shelters, and climbing structures that encourage...
• enriched foodsFoods to which nutrients were added in order to replace losses of the nutrient that occured during processing.
• enrichment cultureA technique for isolating organisms in which nutritional and/or environmental conditions are controlled to...
• enteral feedingNutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system...
• enterobactinAn iron-binding cyclic trimer of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine. It is produced by E. coli and other...
• enterocolitisInflammation of the mucosa of both the small intestine and the large intestine. Etiology includes ischemia...
• enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coliStrains of Escherichia coli that are a subgroup of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli. They cause non-bloody...
• enteropathogensMicroorganisms, usually bacteria, capable of causing disease in the intestinal tract.
• enterostomyCreation of an artificial external opening or fistula in the intestines.
• enterotoxemiaDisease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of sheep, goats...
• enterotoxinsSubstances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins...
• enterovirus InfectionsVirus diseases or infections caused by the genus Enterovirus.
• entomopathogenic bacteriaBacteria that infects and kills insects, and can be used as biopesticide.
• entomopathogenic fungiFungus that infects and kills insects, and can be used as biopesticide.
• entomopathogenic nematodesA nematode that infects and kills insects.
• entomophagyThe practice of eating insects (larvae, pupa, eggs of insects, etc.) as food, especially by humans.
• entrepreneurshipThe organization, management, and assumption of risks of a business or enterprise, usually implying an...
• entropionThe turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward toward the...
• entropyA measure of the extent to which the energy of a system is unavailable.
• environmentThe complex of climatic, soil and biotic factors that act upon an organism or ecological community and...
• environmental assessmentAn environmental analysis that evaluates the positive and negative changes to the environment conditions at...
• environmental auditsSystematic, independent and objective reviews of verifiable information concerning environmental events...
• environmental DNADNA found in the environment that is from the residual biological materials of the organisms in the...
• environmental economicsA branch of economics that studies the economic impact of environmental policies and uses economic analysis...
• environmental educationEducational programs and training about environmental issues, environmental protection and environmental...
• environmental engineeringThe branch of engineering relating to the environment, especially water and waste management.
• environmental enrichmentModification of the physical environment of animals, especially those in captivity, for the purpose of...
• environmental exposureThe exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to...
• environmental fateThe destiny of any chemical, biological substance or pollutant after release into the environment.
• environmental governanceThe process by which public and/or private sector participants with decision authority coordinate policies...
• environmental hazardsPhysical, chemical, biological or mechanical agents capable of causing harm to the environment, or a...
• environmental healthThe branch of public health dealing with the control of environmental factors which may affect health, such...
• environmental impactAny change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an...
• environmental impact statementsA document required of federal agencies by the National Environmental Policy Act for major projects or...
• environmental indicatorsA measurement, statistic or value that provides a proximate gauge or evidence of the effects of environmental...
• environmental marketsAn exchange-based approach to achieve pollution abatement goals set by environmental regulations that place a...
• environmental monitoringThe monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful...
• environmental performanceThe measurable outcome of an organization's ability to meet environmental objectives and targets set forth in...
• environmental policyOfficial statements of principles, intentions, values, and objective which are based on legislation and the...
• environmental product declarationA standardized (ISO 14025/TR) life-cycle assessment-based mechanism to communicate quantified life-cycle...
• environmental protectionEnvironmental protection includes prevention (avoidance) strategies to protect the environment from future...
• environmental qualityProperties and characteristics of the environment, either generalized or local, as they impinge on human...
• environmental sustainabilityLong-term maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations.
• environmental technologyThe application of devices, materials, or techniques to manage environmental conditions.
• environmentally preferable purchasingBuying of renewable, environmentally-friendly or biobased products to provide benefits including climate...
• enzootic bovine leukosisA lymphoid neoplastic disease in cattle caused by the bovine leukemia virus. Enzootic bovine leukosis may...
• enzootic diseasesThe constant presence of diseases or infectitious agents within a specific animal population in a particular...
• enzymatic interesterificationAn enzymatic reaction in which an enzyme, such as lipase, catalyzes the rearrangement of fatty acids on the...
• enzyme inhibitorsCompounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme...
• enzyme polymorphismA phenomenon that, in the course of evolution, characterizes enzymes that are able to maintain their...
• enzyme replacement therapyTherapeutic replacement or supplementation of defective or missing enzymes to alleviate the effects of enzyme...
• enzyme stabilityThe extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage...
• enzyme therapyThe use of enzymes to correct metabolic and physiological processes.
• enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayA technique using antibodies for detecting specific proteins. Used to test for the presence of a particular...
• eosinophiliaAbnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs.
• eosinophilsGranular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and...
• ependymaA thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
• ephemeral streamsA stream or portion of a stream that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It receives little or no...
• epibiontsAn organism living on the surface of another organism. It is harmless to the host (basibiont) but there are...
• epichlorohydrinsA chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.
• epicotylsThe portion of the axis of an embryo or young seedling above the point where the cotyledon(s) is attached.
• epidemiological studiesStudies designed to examine associations or commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually...
• epidemiologyThe study of the various factors influencing the occurrence, distribution, prevention, and control of...
• epidermal growth factor receptorsA cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for...
• epidermolysis bullosaGroup of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae.
• epididymitisInflammation of the epididymis. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen scrotum; pain...
• epigeneticsThe systematic study of the global gene expression changes due to epigenetic processes and not due to DNA...
• epigenomeA network of chemical compounds surrounding DNA that modify the genome without altering the DNA sequences and...
• epimerases and racemasesEnzymes that catalyze inversion of the configuration around an asymmetric carbon in a substrate having one...
• epinastyStronger growth on the upper surface than on the under surface of a plant part, which causes the part, such...
• epiocular assayA non-animal test method developed in the search for a replacement for the Draize rabbit eye test. This test...
• epiphysesThe head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At...
• epiphytesNonparasitic plants that grow on other plants for support, rather than rooting in the soil.
• epirubicinAn anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by...
• epistasisA form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a...
• epithelial cell adhesion moleculeA cell adhesion molecule that is expressed on the membranes of nearly all epithelial cells, especially at the...
• epitope mappingMethods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important...
• epitopesSites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.
• epizoochoryThe dispersal of plant seeds or spores accidentally attached on the external body of an animal. Dispersal of...
• epizootic diseasesDenoting a temporal pattern of disease occurrence in an animal population in which the disease occurs with a...
• epizootic ulcerative syndromeEpizootic ulcerative syndrome is an epizootic condition affecting fish, caused mainly by Aphanomyces species...
• epoxy compoundsOrganic compounds that include a cyclic ether with three ring atoms in their structure. They are commonly...
• equine encephalomyelitisA group of Alphavirus infections which affect horses and man, transmitted via the bites of mosquitoes...
• equine infectious anemiaViral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus. It is characterized by intermittent...
• equipment maintenance and repairThe upkeep, servicing and restoration of equipment to good working condition.
• erbB-2 receptorA cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is found to be overexpressed in a significant number of...
• erbB-3 receptorA cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for neuregulins. It has extensive homology...
• ergogenic aidsCombinations of various drugs, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other dietary supplements claimed to...
• ergolinesA series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.
• ergonomicsThe science of designing, building or equipping mechanical devices or artificial environments to the...
• ergot alkaloidsAlkaloids originally isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). They include compounds...
• ergotismPoisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a medicine.
• erodibility indexA numerical expression of the potential of a soil to erode, considering the physical and chemical properties...
• erysipelasAn acute infection of the skin caused by species of Streptococcus. This disease most frequently affects...
• ErysipelothrixA genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that has a tendency to form long...
• erythrocyte countThe number of red blood cells per unit volume in a sample of venous blood.
• erythrocyte membraneThe semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after hemolysis.
• erythrocyte sedimentation rateMeasurement of rate of settling of erythrocytes in anticoagulated blood.
• erythrocytic stageThe developmental stage of malaria parasite, Plasmodium, which occurs in host erythrocytes.
• erythromycinA bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its...
• erythropoiesisThe formation and development of red blood cells.
• Escherichia coli O157A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to...
• esculinEsculin is a coumarin glucoside with molecular formula C15H16O9. It is naturally fluorescent, found in the...
• esophagoscopyEndoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the esophagus.
• essential genesThose genes found in an organism which are necessary for its viability and normal function.
• essential oilsVolatile oils in aromatic plants which give the characteristic odor or flavor to the plant. Often used in...
• estate taxTax imposed on the transfer of property from a deceased person to his/her heirs, legatees or devisees.
• Estimated Average RequirementThe intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement defined by a specified indicator of adequacy in 50...
• estimated exposure doseThe measured or calculated dose to which organisms are likely to be exposed considering all sources and...
• estimationA statistical procedure by which random sample data are used to assign a plausible value to an unknown...
• estrogen replacement therapyThe use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to...
• estrusThe period in the estrous cycle associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate...
• estuariesA water body having an open, natural connection with the sea and within which the sea water is measurably...
• ethanol productionProduction of ethanol from biological sources; the ethanol may be used for biofuels or for alcoholic...
• ethidiumA trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and...
• ethnobiologyThe scientific study of knowledge and concepts on native plants and animals developed by any culture.
• ethnobotanyThe study of plant lore and agricultural customs of a people. In the fields of ethnomedicine and...
• ethnozoologyStudy of indigenous people, with respect to their culture, and their relationships with the fauna in the...
• ethoxylationAn industrial process in which ethylene oxide is added to alcohol or phenol to produce products such as...
• ethylene oxideA colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal...
• etiolationPlant growth exhibiting pale or bleached color due to the deprivation of light.
• etiological agentsA chemical, biological or physical entity that may cause disease in an organism.
• etiologyThe branch of science concerned with the causes and origins of diseases.
• etioplastsChloroplasts which have not been exposed to light and lack chlorophyll pigment, usually seen when plants are...
• etodolacA non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and...
• etoposideA semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA...
• euhydrationThe normal water content of the body.
• eukaryotic cellsCells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.
• euphotic zoneSurface layer of a body of water where sufficient light penetrates to allow photosynthesis to occur, down to...
• EurasiaThe large land mass comprising the continents of Europe and Asia.
• European UnionAn economic association of European countries founded by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 as a common market for...
• euryhaline speciesAquatic organisms which can tolerate a wide variation in water salinity.
• eurytopic speciesAn organism that is characterized by its ability to live in a wide variety of habitats and tolerate a wide...
• euthanasia injectionThe internal administration of a drug that causes the purposeful death of an animal.
• eutrophicationProcess by which bodies of water become enriched in dissolved nutrients, e.g. phosphates, nitrates...
• evaporated milkDairy product made by removal of about 60% of the water to concentrate the milk and sterilizing to prevent...
• evaporationThe process of a liquid changing into a vapor or gas, usually water in meteorology.
• evaporation rateIn hydrologic terms, the quantity of water, expressed in terms of depth of liquid water, which is evaporated...
• evaporative demandThe collective influence of aerial environment on the rate of evaporation of water from a given object...
• evapotranspirationCombination of evaporation from free water surfaces and transpiration of water from plant surfaces to the...
• even-aged managementThe application of a combination of actions that results in the creation of stands in which trees of...
• even-aged standsA class of forest or stand composed of trees of about the same age. The maximum age difference admissible is...
• evidence-based practiceA way of providing health care that is guided by a thoughtful integration of the best available scientific...
• evoked potentialsThe recorded electrical responses from nerve, muscle, sensory receptor, or area of the central nervous system...
• evolutionarily stable strategyConcept from game theory of a population playing a strategy (displaying a phenotype) that is resistant to...
• evolutionary radiationSudden increase in taxonomic or morphological diversity by one or more clades.
• ewesFemale sheep of any age.
• ex ante analysisEvaluation of economic values, such as prices, returns, gains, etc. which are made in advance of future...
• ex situ conservationThe process of protecting any species outside its natural habitat.
• ex vivo studiesTests or measurements done on organs, cells or tissues of a living organism in an external environment with...
• excise taxTax imposed on the manufacture and distribution of specific nonessential consumer goods, such as cigarettes...
• exercise testControlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of...
• exergyThe maximum amount of external-energy that could be drawn from a system or form of energy in relation to a...
• exineThe outer wall of a pollen grain or spore.
• exocarpA portion of plant tissue that is the outer layer of a pericarp.
• exoerythrocytic stageThe developmental stage of malaria parasite, Plasmodium, which occurs in host cells other than erythrocytes.
• exonsThe parts of a transcript of a split gene remaining after the introns are removed. They are spliced together...
• exopolysaccharidesMicrobial polysaccharides that are secreted into the surrounding environment, and which are often used in...
• exosomesVesicles secreted from multivesicular bodies into the extracellular environment when the multivesicular...
• exosphereThe outermost, or topmost, portion of the atmosphere. Its lower boundary is the critical level of escape...
• exotoxinsToxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment.
• expectorantsAgents that increase mucous excretion. Mucolytic agents, that are drugs that liquefy mucous secretions, are...
• experimental designA plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient...
• experimental forestsTimbered lands dedicated to research on forestry and forest management, silvicultural practices, forest...
• expert opinionJudgment of an authoritative person on a particular subject.
• explantsParts of a living organism, such as cells, tissues, or organs, which are transferred to an artificial medium...
• export subsidiesA direct or indirect compensation provided by governments to private commercial firms to promote exports of...
• exposomeThe measure of all the exposures of an individual from all sources, including environmental and occupational...
• exposure assessmentThe determination or estimation (qualitative or quantitative) of the magnitude, frequency, duration and route...
• exposure characterizationA component of the exposure assessment that analyzes interactions between a pathogen, the environment and the...
• exposure durationThe frequency and length of time an organism is in contact with a biological, physical or chemical agent.
• exposure modelsA mathematical, statistical or visual conceptualization of the exposure process.
• exposure pathwaysThe route in which a population is exposed to a biological, chemical or physical agent from its source.
• exposure profileThe analysis (qualitative or quantitative) of the magnitude, frequency, duration and route of exposure to a...
• exposure scenarioA set of assumptions concerning how an exposure may take place, including exposure setting, stressor...
• expressed sequence tagsAn Expressed Sequence Tag is a tiny portion of an entire gene that can be used to help identify unknown genes...
• extended familiesA group of people who make up a single household, or live in close proximity to each other, and are usually...
• extensibilityThe quality of a material to be extended or stretched without breaking.
• extension agentsAn educator employed by a county and/or a State cooperative extension service to bring research-based...
• extension programsStructured programs (such as the Master Gardener Program, Pesticide Certification Program, etc.) with a...
• extensive farmingA system of raising crops and animals, usually on large parcels of land, where a comparatively small amount...
• external earThe outer part of the hearing system of the body. It includes the shell-like ear auricle which collects...
• extinct speciesThose species no longer known to exist after repeated search of the type localities and other known or likely...
• extracellular enzymesAn enzyme that functions outside the cell from which it is produced.
• extracellular matrixA meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane...
• extracellular matrix proteinsMacromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These...
• extracellular spaceInterstitial space between cells, occupied by interstitial fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances.
• extraembryonic membranesThe thin layers of tissue that surround the developing embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes...
• extrahepatic cholestasisImpairment of bile flow in the large bile ducts by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or...
• extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coliStrains of Escherichia coli that possess virulence traits which allow them to invade, colonize, and induce...
• extra-label drug useExtralabel use means actual use or intended use of a drug in an animal in a manner that is not in accordance...
• extra-virgin olive oilA grade of olive oil indicating a virgin oil (processed with no chemical treatment) with an acidity level of...
• extremophilesAn organism that can grow and thrive at extreme levels of temperature, salinity, pH etc.
• extrusionA process in which such materials as foods, metals, polymers, etc. are pushed or drawn out by applying...
• exudative epidermitisAn acute, generalized dermatitis that occurs in young pigs. The causal agent is Staphylococcus hyicus and is...
• exuviumThe remaining integument after ecdysis.

376 of 6,908 terms in Agriculture and food terminology (MLC-0114). Request the full dataset.