Agriculture and food terminology · MLC-0114

Agriculture and food terms: B (361)

• B chromosomesB chromosomes are extra chromosomes to the normal chromosomal set of an organism and are found in some...
• Babassu oilThe oil extracted from kernels (seeds) of the babassu palm, Attalea speciosa. The oil is used in food...
• BabesiosisA group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by genus Babesia...
• Bachelor groupsSocial grouping of animals consisting of only males.
• BacitracinA complex of cyclic peptide antibiotics produced by the Tracy-I strain of Bacillus subtilis. The commercial...
• BackcrossingA cross between a hybrid and either one of its parents.
• BacteremiaThe presence of bacteria circulating in the blood.
• Bacterial adhesionPhysicochemical property of fimbriated (fimbriae, bacterial) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to...
• Bacterial antibodiesImmunoglobulins produced in a response to bacterial antigens.
• Bacterial outer membranesThe outermost cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria composed of phospholipids; lipopolysaccharides (LPS)...
• Bacterial pneumoniaInflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.
• Bacterial sheddingThe expelling of bacteria from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and...
• Bacterial toxinsToxins or poisonous substances produced by bacteria.
• Bacterial vaccinesSuspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious...
• Bacterial wiltA plant disease caused by bacteria which causes wilting and shriveling of the stems and leaves.
• BacteriochlorophyllPyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.
• BacteriocinsSubstances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or...
• BacteriomeA symbiotic body cavity in the abdomen of some arthropods that harbors the obligate symbiont. It consists of...
• BacteriophagesViruses whose host are bacterial cells.
• BacterioplanktonThe free-floating bacterial component of plankton.
• BacteriorhodopsinsRhodopsins found in the purple membrane of halophilic archaea such as Halobacterium halobium...
• BadlandsA land type consisting of steep or very steep barren land, usually broken by an intricate maze of narrow...
• Bakers yeastDried cells of one or more strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, used as a leavening in baking.
• BalantidiasisInfection by parasites of the genus Balantidium. The presence of Balantidium in the large intestine leads to...
• BalersA machine that picks up a windrow of forage, compresses it, forms it into a rectangular or cylindrical bale...
• BalkansCountries occupying the Balkan Peninsula.
• Ballast waterFresh or salt water taken in and released by ships to improve their stability. Organisms transported from one...
• Baltic StatesThe countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania on the east shore of the Baltic Sea.
• BambermycinAntibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are...
• Bank erosionLoss of bank material as individual particles or aggregates by fluvial and sub-aerial processes.
• BankruptcyA legal process in which a debtor unable to pay debts has his assets liquidated and the debtor is relieved of...
• Bargaining cooperativesA type of cooperative which negotiates price, quality, and delivery terms with buyers.
• Bariatric surgerySurgical techniques, such as gastric banding, gastric bypass, gastroplasty, and biliopancreatic diversion...
• Barium compoundsInorganic compounds that contain barium as an integral part of the molecule.
• BarnsA large agricultural building that can be used for a variety of farm activities including storing hay, feed...
• BarrowsMale hogs that have been castrated before reaching sexual maturity.
• Basal metabolic rateThe energy required to sustain basal metabolism
• Basal metabolismThe basic essential metabolic processes required to keep the body alive, healthy and, where applicable...
• BasaltA dark gray to black colored, dense to fine-grained igneous rock composed of augite, pyroxene, feldspar and...
• Base mapsA map layer that contains only the essential parts of the terrain needed to identify that location and is the...
• Base saturationThe ratio of the quantity of exchangeable bases to the cation exchange capacity.
• Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factorsA family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic helix-loop-helix motif.
• Basic reproduction numberThe expected number of new cases of an infection caused by an infected individual, in a population consisting...
• Basic-leucine zipper transcription factorsA large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in basic amino acid residues followed...
• BasidiomataA sporebearing structure found in basidiomycete fungi.
• Basin irrigationAn irrigation system in which a field or orchard is divided into basins which are filled with water.
• Batch fermentationFermentation conducted from start to finish in a single vessel without addition to, or removal of, a major...
• B-cell lymphomaA group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing...
• Beach erosionThe retreat of the shoreline of large lakes and coastal waters caused by wave action, shore currents or...
• BeachesA barren land subcategory. Includes the area adjacent to the shore of an ocean, sea, large river, or lake...
• Bean sproutsThe edible seedlings of bean plants, especially those of the mung bean.
• BedloadBedload is that portion of the total sediment in transport that is carried by intermittent contact with the...
• BedrockThe more or less solid rock is place either on or beneath the surface of the earth. It may be soft or hard...
• Bee pollenBee pollen is the pollen that bees collect from flowers and mix with nectar, honey and bee secretions which...
• Bee pollinationPollination of flowers by bees.
• BeefaloesBeefalo are a cross between bison (American buffalo) and domestic cattle. This produces meat very low in fat...
• BeersA fermented, carbonated, alcoholic beverage containing one-half of 1 percent or more of alcohol by volume...
• BeesInsect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500...
• Behavior changeChanges in behavior due to intervention or spontaneous occurrence.
• Behavior disordersPsychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as...
• Behavior modificationAlteration of behavior by the use of conditioning techniques.
• Behavioral resistanceBehavioral response of the pest to control agents that enables it to avoid being harmed by the control agent.
• Benthic organismsUnderwater organisms that live on or in the bottom of a body of water.
• Benthic zoneThe habitat at the bottom of a body of water, such as the sea floor or a lake bottom.
• BenzofuransCompounds that contain a benzene ring fused to a furan ring.
• BenzylpenicillinA penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a...
• Berberis mentorensisInterspecific hybrid of Berberis julianae x Berberis thunbergii.
• Best available technologyA concept applied in the language of regulations on pollution control, especially as applied to abatement...
• Best management practicesA practice or system of practices designed to prevent or mitigate damage or adverse effects caused by...
• Beta adrenergic receptorsOne of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors...
• Beta cateninA multi-functional catenin that participates in cell adhesion and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds...
• Beta chemokinesGroup of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes...
• Beta oxidationThe catabolic breakdown of fatty acids via metabolic intermediates into acetyl coenzyme A, which then enters...
• beta-1 adrenergic receptorsbeta-1-adrenergic receptor is an integral membrane protein receptor for catecholamine epinephrine and...
• beta-2 adrenergic receptorsbeta-2 adrenergic receptor directly associates with one of its effectors, class C L-type calcium channel...
• beta-3 adrenergic receptorsA subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (receptors, adrenergic, beta). The beta-3 adrenergic receptors are...
• Beta-adrenergic agonistsDrugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.
• Beta-adrenergic antagonistsDrugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of...
• BetaineA naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine...
• Beta-lactamaseEnzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well...
• Beta-lactoglobulinThe major whey protein of cow's milk and milks of ruminants and other mammals, but not humans.
• BetalainsCompounds derived from tyrosine via betalamic acid, including betaxanthins and betacyanins. They are found in...
• Beta-phellandreneA terpene with a density of about 0.84 and an index of refraction of about 1.48, both at 25° C (77° F).
• Beta-pineneA terpene with a density of about 0.867 and an index of refraction of about 1.477, both at 25° C (77° F).
• Betasatellite (genus)Betasatellites are a group of circular single-stranded DNA satellites frequently associated with monopartite...
• BetelA masticatory (also known as betel quid) used in India and Southeast Asia, consisting of a piece of Areca nut...
• BezoarsConcretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.
• BiasSystematic error introduced into sampling or analysis by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over...
• Bibliometric analysisThe use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development...
• BiennialsA plant that lives for two years, producing vegetative growth the first year, usually blooming and fruiting...
• Binding agentsSubstances which hold particles, mixtures or blended products together, especially used in foods.
• Binding sitesA region on a protein, DNA, RNA or macromolecule to which other molecules form chemical complexes.
• Binge eating disorderA disorder characterized by episodes where individuals eat large amounts of food while feeling a lack of...
• BingingPeriodic excessive or uncontrolled eating or drinking.
• Binocular visionThe blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.
• Binomial distributionThe probability distribution associated with two mutually exclusive outcomes; used to model cumulative...
• BioaccumulationThe net accumulation of a substance by an organism as a result of uptake from and or all routes of exposure.
• Bioaccumulation factorThe concentration of a substance in tissue of an organism divided by its concentration in an environmental...
• BioacousticsThe study of the production, transmission, and detection (hearing) of sounds produced by organisms, such as...
• Bioactive compoundsA class of chemical found in plants and certain foods which has biological activity in human or animals.
• Bioactive food compoundsBioactive food compounds are extra-nutritional constituents that are found in small amounts in foods and are...
• BioaerosolsAn airborne suspension of microorganisms, pathogens or particles released from living organisms.
• BioassaysA method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using a living organism in vivo or in...
• BioaugmentationIntroduction of specific microbes, nutrients, and other growth factors to enhance the biodegradative capacity...
• BioavailabilityThe availability of a substance to be taken up and used by living biological organisms.
• BiobleachingUse of microorganisms or enzymes in the bleaching of materials or products, such as pulp.
• BiocatalysisThe facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as enzymes.
• BiocatalystsA catalyst of biological origin, such as an enzyme, hormone, or cell, that initiates or increases the rate of...
• BiocenosisA group of interacting organisms that live in a particular habitat and form an ecological community.
• BiocharA fine-grained porous charcoal produced from organic matter via pyrolysis (i.e. under low temperature and...
• Biochemical oxygen demandA measurement of the amount of organic pollution in water.
• Biochemical polymorphismBiochemical variations found in different individuals in a species, or within an individual organism.
• BiocidesNatural or synthetic chemical substances used to kill living organisms.
• BioclimatologyThe effects of climate on living organisms.
• BiocoalA biomass fuel processed by torrefaction of agricultural wastes such as wood residues into a high density...
• Biocompatibility testingThe testing of materials and devices, especially those used for prostheses and implants; sutures; tissue...
• Biocompatible materialsSynthetic or natural materials, other than drugs, that are used to replace or repair any body tissues or...
• BiocompositesManufactured products comprising at least one material derived from living organisms, such as natural fibers.
• BiocontainmentPhysical and biological barriers against the spread of potentially hazardous biologically active agents such...
• BiodieselA biofuel for use in diesel engines produced through the transesterfication of organically-derived oils or...
• BiodiversityThe variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.
• Bioeconomic modelsModels used to estimate and predict impacts of various agricultural and natural resource management...
• BioeconomicsA branch of economics which integrates the disciplines of biology and economics in order to explain economic...
• BioelectricityThe biological phenomenon of production of low-power electric currents and electric potentials within living...
• BioencapsulationThe coating of tissues or biological active substances in semipermeable membranes or specialized coatings...
• Bioenergy croppingGrowing crops for the production of bio-fuels.
• BioengineeringThe application of engineering principles and methods to living organisms or biological systems.
• BioerosionRemoval or destruction of consolidated minerals or substrates by biological activity of organisms.
• BioethanolAn alcohol fuel made by fermentation of carbohydrates in sugar- or starch-rich crops such as corn or...
• BioethicsA branch of applied ethics that studies the value implications of practices and developments in life...
• BiofabricationThe production of complex living and non-living biological products from raw biological materials or...
• BiofilmA thin layer of living cells, usually microorganisms, coating a surface.
• BiofiltrationA technology using microorganisms on a substrate to biologically degrade emissions or effluents (such as...
• Biofloc technologyThe use of aggregates of bacteria, algae, or protozoa, held together in a matrix along with particulate...
• BiofortificationAn increase in the nutritional value of plant foods obtained through convential crop breeding methods or...
• BiofoulingThe accumulation of undesirable organisms, including bacteria, fungi, diatoms, algae, plants or animals...
• BiofuelsGas or liquid fuel made from plant material (biomass). Includes wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat...
• BiofumigationA fumigation technique for pest and disease control dependent upon the biocidal properties of natural...
• BiogasGas resulting from the decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions. The principal constituents...
• BiogasificationThe process of converting biomass to synthetic natural gas or a gaseous mixture that can be burnt as fuel...
• BiogenesisThe origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes...
• Biogeochemical cyclesThe circulation (cycling) of chemical elements such as nitrogen, carbon, etc. in specific pathways from the...
• BiogeographyThe study of the distribution of organisms around the globe, and the factors that influence that distribution.
• BiohydrogenHydrogen produced from biological sources such as bacteria and algae, with potential for use as a biofuel.
• BioimagingMulti-dimensional detection, characterization and visualization of biological processes or cells.
• BioinformaticsA field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of...
• BiolisticsTechniques where DNA is delivered directly into organelles at high speed using projectiles coated with...
• Biological assessmentThat part of an environmental assessment that specifically evaluates the potential risks to plant and animal...
• Biological clocksThe physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and...
• Biological corridorsAreas connecting separated habitats which allow movement to and access by wild species. These spaces make...
• Biological half-lifeThe time it takes for an organism to eliminate, usually by excretion, half of the admistered dose of a...
• Biological hazardsAn organism, or substance derived from an organism, that poses a threat to human or animal health. This can...
• Biological modelsTheoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases...
• Biological pest controlBiological pest control mitigates agricultural pest damage by introducing or enhancing the population of...
• Biological productionProduction of a chemical or biochemical by organisms or enzymes for use as commercial products.
• Biological resistanceThe natural or genetic ability of an organism to avoid or repel attack by biotic agents (pathogens, pests...
• Biological soil crustsAlso called microbiotic, microphytic, cryptobiotic or cryptogamic crusts. A living community of bacteria...
• Biological speciationThe evolution of new species.
• Biological specimen banksFacilities that collect, store, and distribute tissues, e.g., cell lines, microorganisms, blood, sperm, milk...
• BioluminescenceThe process of emission of visible light from the energy generated from chemical reactions in living cells or...
• Bioluminescence assayMethods used for determining the values of photometric parameters of light resulting from bioluminescence.
• BiomarkersAn indicator of changes or events in biological systems. Biological markers of exposure are cellular...
• BiomassThe total amount of organic matter present in an organism, population, ecosystem or given area.
• Biomass burningBurning of living and or dead vegetation or organic matter.
• BiomechanicsThe study of the mechanical structure and properties of living organisms, and the effects of dynamic...
• Biomedical materialsSubstances used in biomedicine or dentistry predominantly for their physical, as opposed to chemical...
• BiometryThe use of statistical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.
• Biomimetic materialsMaterials fabricated by biomimetics techniques, i.e., based on natural processes found in biological systems.
• Biomimetic synthesisA synthesis or synthetic process that imitates biochemical pathways which are relevant to physiological...
• BiomimeticsAn interdisciplinary field in materials science, engineering, and biology, studying the use of biological...
• BiomineralizationThe taxonomically widespread process by which living organisms produce minerals for, inter alia, support...
• Bio-packagingPackaging made of renewable or biodegradable materials.
• BiopesticidesBiopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants...
• BiopharmaceuticalsDrugs, vaccines, growth hormones or other biologics produced by organisms that have been genetically altered...
• BiophotonicsThe science, research and applications of photons (quantum units of light) in their interactions within and...
• BiophysicsThe branch of science that applies the principles of physics and physical chemistry to biological processes.
• BiopreservationThe use of products from plants and microorganisms to preserve products.
• BiopreservativesA wide range of products from plants and microorganisms which can be used to preserve foods.
• BioprintingA material transfer technique used for assembling biological material or cells into a prescribed organization...
• Bioprocess engineeringThe application of engineering principles to the design and development of bioprocessing methods, equipment...
• BiopsyRemoval and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
• BioreactorsTools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological...
• BiorefiningThe conversion of biomass into fuels, chemicals and power.
• BiosafetyBiosafety is the application of safety precautions that reduce a laboratorian’s risk of exposure to a...
• BioscouringThe application of enzymes, bioproducts or cells to remove hydrophobic materials such as natural waxes...
• BiosecurityPractices established to protect all species against harmful biological hazards.
• BiosensorsThe coupling of a biological material (for example, enzyme, receptor, antibody, whole cell, organelle) with a...
• BiosequestrationCapturing and storage of the atmospheric gases, especially, greenhouse gases by biological processes. This...
• BiosolidsThe organic solids product of wastewater treatment that can be beneficially utilized.
• BiosorptionThe sequestration of chemical substances, such as heavy metals, by a biological system.
• BiosphereThat part of the earth's crust, waters and surrounding air-layer which is inhabited by living organisms.
• BiostatisticsThe application of statistics to biological systems and organisms involving the retrieval or collection...
• BiostratigraphyA branch of stratigraphy that determines the relative geologic age of the rocks by using fossils contained in...
• BiosurfactantsSurfactants that are synthesized by living cells or organisms, including microorganisms such as bacteria and...
• BiosynthesisUsed for the anabolic formation of chemical substances in organisms, in living cells, or by subcellular...
• BiotechnologyThe use of living organisms, cells or cell constituents for the purpose of developing products, improve...
• BiotelemetryThe remote sensing and evaluation of biological data of organisms.
• BioterrorismThe use of biological agents, such as agricultural pathogens or pests, for terrorist purposes.
• Biotic factorsAny living thing or a component derived from them, or a process caused by them that might affect other...
• Biotic potentialThe inherent ability of an organism to multiply in the absence of extrinsic controlling factors. This...
• Biotic stressHarmful effects on living organisms from other organisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites...
• BiotinylationIncorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules.
• BioturbationFor the mixing and turning of soil caused by organisms moving through the soil.
• BiotypesPopulations of organisms sharing an identical genotype.
• BioventingBioventing is an in situ remediation technology that uses indigenous microorganisms to biodegrade organic...
• Bipolar disorderA major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency...
• Bird pollinationPollination of flowers by bird species.
• Birds of preyA bird that kills and eats other animals for food.
• Birds-eye woodSmall localized areas in wood with the fibers indented and otherwise contorted to form few to many small...
• Bitter pitPits developing on apple fruits which result in a bitter tasting apple. The cause is due to a deficiency of...
• BitumenDark-colored (solid, semisolid, or viscous) cementitious substances, natural or manufactured, composed...
• Black Hills regionA mountainous area in western South Dakota and northeast Wyoming.
• Black riceAn unmilled, medium grain rice with black bran.
• Blackleg (animal disease)An acute clostridial infection of cattle, characterized by swelling beneath the skin due to gas formation in...
• BlacksPeople who identify themselves as having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.
• BladderA musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract. Urine flows from the kidneys into the bladder via the...
• Bladder calculiStones of the urinary bladder; also known as vesical calculi or bladder stones, and cystoliths.
• Blasticidin SA nucleoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseochromogenes. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor in...
• BlastosporesAsexual fungal spores formed by budding, as in yeast cells.
• BlistersVisible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis.
• BloatA severe distension of the abdomen caused by gas; usually in ruminant animals. The problem is greatest with...
• BlockchainDecentralized transaction and data management technology providing security, anonymity and data integrity...
• Blood banksCenters for collecting the blood from donors; characterizing, storing and preserving blood or its components...
• Blood cell countsThe number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count...
• Blood circulationThe movement of the blood as it is pumped through the cardiovascular system.
• Blood coagulation disordersHemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation. These...
• Blood group antigensSets of cell surface antigens located on blood cells. They are usually membrane glycoproteins or glycolipids...
• Blood groupsThe genetically determined classification of blood based on the presence or absence of different antigens...
• Blood mealMeal produced from fresh animal blood which is high in lysine content (about 9% of the crude protein.)
• Blood proteinsProteins that are present in blood serum, including serum albumin; blood coagulation factors; and many other...
• Blood samplingThe taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component...
• Blood serumThe clear, watery portion of blood that separates out when blood coagulates. It lacks blood clotting factors...
• Blood volumeVolume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume.
• Bloodstream formsMorphologic stage in the life cycle of trypanosomes during infection of the mammalian host.
• BlubberA thick layer of insulating adipose tissue found beneath the skin of aquatic mammals such as whales, seals...
• Blue boxDirect payments exempt from the amber box reduction requirements. These include subsidies based on fixed...
• Blue carbonCarbon stored in the Earth's coastal and marine ecosystems.
• Blue lightBlue light is the 440-492 nm wavelengths of the visible light spectrum (approximately 400-700 nm) which...
• Blue Mountain region (Oregon)A mountain range in northeast Oregon and southeast Washington.
• Blue Ridge Mountain regionThe eastern and southeastern area of the Appalachian Mountain Region which encompasses the Great Smoky...
• Blue-stain fungiBlue stain fungi infect the sapwood of trees and cause a bluish/grayish discoloration of the lumber products...
• BluetongueAn arthropod-borne reoviral infection, chiefly of sheep but also affecting cattle and wild ruminants...
• Bluetongue virusThe type species of Orbivirus causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild...
• BoarsAn adult, uncastrated male pig, typically weighing about 500 pounds.
• Body compositionThe relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.
• Body dissatisfactionPerson’s negative thoughts about his or her own body. This includes judgements about size and shape, muscle...
• Body imageIndividuals' concept of their own bodies.
• Body mass indexBody mass index is a ratio of a person's height to weight: BMI = (705 X weight in pounds)/(height in inches...
• Body measurementsMeasurements of an animal body, employed in the study of animal growth, development and variation.
• Body waterFluids composed mainly of water found within the body.
• Body weightThe mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
• BogsWetlands that accumulate appreciable peat deposits. Bogs depend primarily on precipitation for their water...
• Bone densityThe amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual...
• Bone fracturesBreaks in bone or cartilage.
• Bone mealAnimal meal produced from bones that are steamed under pressure and then ground. It contains 1.5-2.5%...
• Bone morphogenetic proteinsBone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of...
• Bone resorptionBone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
• Bone substitutesSynthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue...
• Bone transplantationThe grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
• BonsaiThe art and practice of growing miniature trees, shrubs or landscapes in shallow trays or pots by rigorous...
• Book classificationA general term covering bibliographical and bibliothecal classifications. It mostly refers to library...
• Book collectingSeeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying, storing, and maintaining whatever books are...
• Boomer ballsHard plastic spheres used in zoos as enrichment toys for big cats, primates, and other animals.
• Booting stageGrowth stage when a grass seedhead is enclosed by the sheath of the uppermost (flag) leaf.
• BoranesThe collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes...
• Border diseaseCongenital disorder of sheep and goats caused by Border disease virus. The disease is characterized by...
• Border irrigationAn irrigation system for sloping land in which parallel levees are built and the area between
• Borderline leprosyA form of leprosy in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and...
• Boreal forestsGeneral term for northern coniferous forests.
• Borna diseaseAn encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by Borna disease virus.
• BorneoAn island in the Malay Archipelago forming part of Malaysia in the northern region and part of Indonesia in...
• Boron compoundsInorganic or organic compounds that contain boron as an integral part of the molecule.
• Boronic acidsInorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2.
• Botanical compositionThe percentage of plant species that comprise a plant community.
• Bottom ashIncombustible matter resulting from combustion that does not leave as fly ash.
• Botulinum toxinToxic proteins produced from the species Clostridium botulinum.
• Bound tariffsThe most-favored-nation tariff resulting from negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade...
• Boutonneuse feverA febrile disease of the Mediterranean area, the Crimea, Africa, and India, caused by infection with...
• Bovine anaplasmosisA bacterial disease of cattle caused by parasitization of the red blood cells by Anaplasma.
• Bovine corneal opacity and permeability (eye irritation test)A eye irritation toxicity test using excised corneas from bovine eyes. This replaces the Draize rabbit eye...
• Bovine ephemeral feverAn Ephemerovirus infection of cattle caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus. It is characterized by...
• Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiencyAn autosomal recessive hereditary disease affecting young Holstein calves. Homozygous individuals die from...
• Bovine mastitisAn infection and inflammation of the udder in cows.
• Bovine spongiform encephalopathyA transmissible encephalopathy of cattle characterized by a spongiform structure of the brain tissue, and...
• Bovine trypanosomiasisInfection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes.
• Bovine viral diarrheaAcute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea viruses. Often mouth ulcerations are the only...
• Bowen ratioThe ratio of the sensible heat flux to the latent heat flux from a surface.
• Bowman-Birk inhibitorA low-molecular-weight protein (minimum molecular weight 8000) which has the ability to inhibit trypsin as...
• Boxed beefCuts of beef sealed in vacuum packs to be shipped in cardbard boxes, often ready for retail sale.
• Boxwood blightA fungal disease affecting the stems and leaves of species of Buxus.
• BrachytherapyA collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or...
• Brackish waterA combination of fresh and salt water. Most of the water in the Bay is brackish.
• BractsA leaflike or scalelike organ subtending a flower or aggregation of flowers ; a modified inflorescence leaf.
• Brain spheresSpherical balls of human brain cells (organoids) that imitate the architecture of the cerebral cortex and can...
• Brain stemThe part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the...
• Brain wavesWave-like oscillations of electric potential between parts of the brain recorded by EEG.
• BrashnessA condition that causes some pieces of wood to be relatively low in shock resistance for the species and...
• BrassicoraphanusIntergeneric hybrid between Brassica x Raphanus.
• BreadfruitsAn oval or round fruit with creamy white meat and a yellow-green rind with small rounded spines. It is...
• BreadingsBread or cracker crumbs used to coat foods.
• Breath testsAny tests done on exhaled air.
• Breeding seasonThe particular season of the year in which animals mate and reproduce.
• Breeding sitesHabitats where animals go to mate and reproduce.
• Breeding soundnessThe condition of an animal that is healthy and fit for mating, with normal external genitalia that are...
• Breeding stockPlants or animals used in breeding, selected for traits desired in producing the next generation.
• Breeding valueThe calculated value expressing the ability of a parent to pass on superior traits to its offspring and is...
• Brefeldin AA fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity.
• Brewers yeastYeast used or suitable for use in brewing; specifically the dried pulverized cells of such a yeast...
• BriningThe treatment of a food or material by soaking in a solution saturated with or containing large amounts of a...
• Broadcast seedingProcess of scattering seed on the surface of the soil prior to natural or artificial means of covering the...
• BroadcastersA device designed to apply seeds, fertilizers or soil amendments to land. The broadcaster typically consists...
• Broadleaved evergreensA plant that retains its leaves in the fall (in contrast to deciduous plants) and is not a needle-type...
• Broadly neutralizing antibodiesNeutralizing antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious...
• Broiler chickensYoung chickens produced for meat.
• BromobenzenesDerivatives of benzene in which one or more hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by bromine atoms.
• BromocriptineA semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.
• BronchiThe larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. They include the...
• BronchiolesThe small airways branching off the tertiary bronchi. Terminal bronchioles lead into several orders of...
• BronchiolitisAirway obstruction due to acute inflammation, swelling and mucus buildup in the bronchioles.
• BronchitisInflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the bronchi, from the primary bronchi to...
• BronchopneumoniaInflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with bronchitis, usually involving lobular areas from...
• BronchoscopyEndoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi.
• Brood parasitismThe parasitic laying of eggs in the nests of other animals without providing parental care as observed in...
• BroodersA heated enclosure for raising chicks or other baby animals.
• Brown adipocytesFat cells with dark coloration due to the densely packed mitochondria. They contain numerous small lipid...
• Brown riceRice from which only the hulls have been removed revealing the brown bran layers.
• BrownfieldsAreas of previously used land, the redevelopment or reuse of which may be hindered due to actual or perceived...
• Brown-rot fungiA group of decay fungi that are able to degrade cellulose and hemicellulose in wood, but not lignin. Compare...
• Browse plantsWoody plants (shrubs or low trees) whose leaves and young stems are eaten in the field by animals.
• BrowsingFeeding on sprouts, twigs, stems, vines and leaves of shrubs or trees by livestock and wildlife.
• BrucellosisA contagious disease usually occurring in beef and dairy cattle, but also in sheep, pigs and other mammals...
• Brush border membrane vesiclesArtificial intestinal cell preparations derived by homogenization and centrifugation. The cell preparations...
• BryostatinsA group of 20-member macrolactones in which there are three remotely substituted pyran rings that are linked...
• Buccal swabsDiagnostic testing using a cotton-tipped stick to collect saliva samples from a human being or animal.
• Bud sportA part of a plant such as a flower, inflorescence, leaf or shoot that looks different from the rest of the...
• BudbreakThe start of growth from a bud.
• Buffering capacityThe ability of a substance to resist changes in pH when acid or bases are added.
• BulgurWheat that has been parboiled, dried, and partially debranned for later use in cracked or whole grain form.
• Bulimia nervosaAn eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (bulimia or bingeing) followed by...
• Bulk commoditiesGenerally, high volume, low value unprocessed agricultural commodities, which are treated as though they are...
• Bulking agentsAgents or additives added to increase the weight or volume without imparting any functionality or utility.
• BullfrogsA species (Rana catesbiana) of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the...
• BullocksYoung bulls under 24 months of age.
• BullsMale mammals that have reached sexual maturity, usually referring to domestic cattle, buffaloes and other...
• BullyingAggressive behavior by a more powerful party that results in physical harm to or emotional distress of the...
• BundsLow ridges of earth built along the contour of the lower edge of a field to control soil erosion.
• BungarotoxinsNeurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake)...
• Bunker silosTrenches with concrete floors and concrete or earthen walls filled and packed with tractors and loaders and...
• BuprenorphineA derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than...
• Burden of diseaseA measure of loss of health and mortality due to injuries, diseases, and risk factors.
• Burl woodA hard, woody outgrowth on a tree, more or less rounded in form, usually resulting from the entwined growth...
• Burns (injuries)Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals, electricity, or the like.
• Business enterprisesAn organization engaged in the production, distribution and/or sale of goods or services in order to satisfy...
• ButadienesFour carbon unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two double bonds.
• ButorphanolA synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.
• Butter oilA dairy product made from cream or butter containing at least 99.5% milk fat and 0.20% moisture.
• ButtermilkNatural buttermilk is the byproduct of churning cream into butter. Cultured buttermilk is usually made from...
• BycatchSpecies caught inadvertently by fishermen during the capture of another species.
• Byproduct utilizationThe use of agricultural and industrial byproducts to add economic value to agricultural systems, while...
• ByproductsProducts, including chemical substances, made during the manufacture, processing, or synthesis of something...
• ByssinosisA condition of bronchoconstriction resulting from hypersensitive reaction to inhaled dust during the initial...

361 of 6,798 terms in Agriculture and food terminology (MLC-0114). Request the full dataset.