Agriculture and food terminology · MLC-0114

Agriculture and food terms: R (238)

• RacemesAn indeterminate inflorescence in which pedicellate flowers are borne on an unbranched main axis of the...
• Racemose inflorescencesThe axis of the inflorescence continues to grow and flowers are produced on its lateral sides in an acropetal...
• RadarA method, system or technique of using beamed, reflected, and timed radio waves for detecting, locating, or...
• Radiation hybrid mappingA method for ordering genetic loci along chromosomes. The method involves fusing irradiated donor cells with...
• Radiation resistanceAbility of an organism, especially pathogenic microorganisms, to withstand irradiation without death, severe...
• Radiation use efficiencyA measurement that relates dry matter production to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) energy that...
• Radiative forcingA change in the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation. Without any...
• Radiative transferThe phenomenon of transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
• Radio controlRemote control of a pilotless airplane, rocket, or spacecraft by means of radio signals that activate...
• Radio transmittersDevices for producing radio-frequency power, for purposes of radio transmission.
• Radioactive seriesA succession of nuclides, each of which transforms by radioactive disintegration into the next until a stable...
• RadioactivityThe spontaneous transformation of a nuclide into one or more different nuclides, accompanied by either the...
• Radiocarbon datingThe determination of the age of an organic substance by measuring the loss rate of radiocarbon (carbon-14)...
• RadiographyThe practice of producing an image on a radiosensitive surface using radiation other than visible light.
• RadiolabelingA laboratory procedure that results in the incorporation of a radioactive isotope into a molecule of interest.
• RadiologyThe scientific study of the medical use of radiation.
• RadiometersA device that measures radiant energy and electromagnetic radiation.
• RadiometryThe science of measuring radiation.
• RadionuclidesIsotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay.
• Radioprotective agentsDrugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy...
• Radio-sensitizing agentsDrugs used to potentiate the effectiveness of radiation therapy in destroying unwanted cells.
• Rain gaugesAn instrument that measures the amount of rain that has fallen in a particular place.
• Rain intensityThe rate at which rain is falling at any given instant, usually expressed in inches per hour.
• Rainfed farmingA system of producing crops without the use of irrigation.
• Raman spectroscopyAnalysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the...
• RanchersPeople who raise livestock on rangeland.
• RanchingPractice of raising livestock on large tracts of land.
• Range managementThe art and science of planning and directing range use to obtain sustained maximum animal production...
• RangelandsLand on which the historic climax plant community is predominantly grasses, grasslike plants, forbs, or...
• Rapid amplification of cDNA endsA rapid method for cloning full-length cDNA when the sequence is only partially known. cDNA copies of a...
• Rapid resource appraisalA set of activities that can be used by locally- led resource planning committees to rapidly learn about...
• Rapid rural appraisalA quick multidisciplinary approach to obtain new information and to formulate new hypotheses about rural life.
• Rare speciesA rare species, or subspecies, is one that, although not presently threatened with extinction, is in such...
• Raster dataA type of spatial data that is represented in a two-dimensional matrix where the value stored for each cell...
• RatitesLarge flightless birds having small or rudimentary wings and breastbones lacking a keel. Some species are...
• RatooningProduction of a subsequent crop that results from the regrowth from roots of the previous harvested crop, as...
• Raw milkFresh, unprocessed milk as it comes from a cow, goat or other mammal.
• Ray floretsMarginal florets surrounding the disk of tubular florets in the flower heads of certain Asteraceae plants...
• RayonA manufactured, semi-synthetic fiber composed of regenerated cellulose which is produced from...
• Reaction woodWood with more or less distinctive anatomical characters, formed typically in parts of leaning or crooked...
• Reactive dyesClass of dyes that bond to fiber molecules and are fixed by reacting chemically, especially used in dyeing...
• Reactive nitrogen speciesNitrogenous products of nitric oxide synthases, ranging from nitric oxide to nitrates. These reactive...
• Reactive oxygen speciesReactive oxygen species are molecules containing oxygen with unpaired and unstable electron configurations...
• Read-across methodRead across is a technique of filling data gaps. To "read across" is to apply data from a tested chemical for...
• Ready-to-cook foodsFoods that are processed and/or prepared to be ready to cook with very little additional effort.
• Recalcitrant seedsSeeds that do not acquire desiccation tolerance during their development and are shed at relatively high...
• Reciprocal crossesA pair of crosses where the first cross is the progeny of breeding a male from population A with a female...
• Recombinant DNAA molecule of DNA formed by joining different DNA segments using recombinant DNA technology.
• Recombinant fusion proteinsRecombinant proteins produced by the genetic translation of fused genes formed by the combination of nucleic...
• Recombinant proteinsProteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
• RecombinasesA broad category of enzymes that are involved in the process of genetic recombination.
• Recombined milkRecombined milk is the product obtained from the blend of skimmed milk, milk fat and water.
• Reconstituted foodsFoods which were concentrated or condensed and have been brought to their original strength by adding water.
• Reconstituted milkReconstituted milk is the product obtained by the addition of potable water to dried milk.
• RecreationLeisure time activity such as swimming, picnicking, boating, hunting and fishing.
• Recreation areasA relatively small, distinctly defined area where concentrated public use for the more traditional recreation...
• Recreational vehiclesAny vehicle used for traveling, temporary camping or for pleasure, such as a motor home, dune buggy, camper...
• Recycled waterWater that is used more than one time before it passes back into the natural hydrologic system.
• Recycled woodAny wood or wood fuel which is derived from such products or processes as pallets, skids, spools, packaging...
• Red lightRed light is the 625-740 nm wavelengths of the visible light spectrum (approximately 400-700 nm) which...
• Red riceAn unmilled, long-grain rice with red bran.
• Reducing agentsMaterials that add an electron to an element or compound, that is, decrease the positiveness of its valence.
• ReefsLong ridges of rock or sand at or near the water's surface.
• Refeeding syndromeA condition of metabolic imbalance that is caused by complications of initially feeding a severely...
• Reference Daily IntakesFormerly refered to as the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances, these guidelines for dietary intake of certain...
• Reference flow (life cycle assessment)Quantity of outputs from processes in a given product system required to fulfill the function expressed by...
• Reference standardsA basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards...
• Refined grainsGrain products whose natural chemical and nutrient composition has been altered by processing, such as with...
• ReforestationThe natural or intentional restoration of a forest, woodland or stand of trees that had been lost due to...
• Refractory woodWood that is difficult to dry, treat with preservatives or process using conventional methods.
• RefugeesPersons fleeing to a place of safety, especially those who flee to a foreign country or power to escape...
• Refuse derived fuelsFuel prepared from combustible components of municipal, industrial or commercial solid waste or refuse.
• Regeneration (biological)The renewal or regrowth of an anatomical part, such as one which has been injured or completely lost.
• RegolithThe layer or mantle of loose, non-cohesive or cohesive rock material, of whatever origin, that nearly...
• Regression analysisProcedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent...
• Regressive evolutionGradual reduction or loss of structures, traits, behaviors and/or genes in lineages over time.
• Regulator genesGenes which control the activity of other genes by coding for proteins (repressors or activators) or RNAs...
• Regulators (animal welfare)Employees of a government agency (such as the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) who...
• RegulonIn eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single...
• RelapseThe return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
• Relative humidityRatio of the amount of water vapor present in the air to that which the air would hold at saturation at the...
• Relative replacementThe conduction of biomedical research without the use of living animals. This could include using dead...
• Relative riskThe measure of the difference in risk between two groups, typically expressed as a ratio.
• Relay croppingThe seeding of one crop into another standing crop, e.g., winter wheat into standing soybeans. A practice of...
• Release assessmentEvaluation of the probability of introduction of an agent from its origin until the point of entry into a...
• ReliabilityThe degree to which a test, experiment, or measurement instrument gives the same results over time.
• Relief (geological)The difference in elevation between the high and low points of a land surface.
• RemediationThe return to the original uncontaminated state.
• RemissionSpontaneous diminution or abatement of the symptoms of a disease.
• Remote controlControl of an operation from a distance, especially by means of electricity or electronics; a controlling...
• Remote sensingThe practice of obtaining information about the Earth's surface land and water features from images acquired...
• Renal calculiStones in the kidney, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (kidney pelvis). Their sizes...
• Renal cell carcinomaA heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the kidneys. There are...
• Renal clearanceA measure of kidney function, namely the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the...
• Renal osteodystrophyDecalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic kidney diseases, in which...
• Renal reabsorptionThe reuptake of water, electrolytes, and other substances by the kidney to the blood supply.
• RenderingThe process of subjecting animal carcasses and parts, especially fatty tissues, to grinding, extraction, heat...
• Renewable electricityElectricity that meets the definition of renewable fuel.
• Renewable energy sourcesEnergy sources from natural resources, such as sunshine, wind, flowing water, biofuels, etc., which produce...
• Renewable resourcesA natural resource that can be produced, regrown, or reused fast enough to keep up with how quickly it is...
• Renin-angiotensin systemA blood pressure regulating system of interacting components that include renin; angiotensinogen; angiotensin...
• Repeat breederA clinically normal cow or cattle that fails to conceive after three or four services associated with normal...
• RepeatabilityThe ability of a device or procedure to perform the same action consistently or to provide the same data...
• Reperfusion injuryAdverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of...
• Repetitive sequencesMultiple copies of a nucleotide sequence in a genome.
• Replacement methodsNon-animal models of conducting research, such as using cell cultures, organoids, microphysiological systems...
• Replant diseaseA disease affecting susceptible plants such as apples, pears, plums, cherries and roses when they are placed...
• RepletionThe restoration of nutritional adequacy, after a period of deficiency of food, energy or specific nutrients...
• Replication originA unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or...
• RepliconAny DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a replication origin and...
• Reporter genesGenes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions...
• Repressor proteinsProteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific genes or operons. Classical repressor...
• ReproducibilityThe ability of a test method or procedure, given the same inputs, to provide the same data consistently when...
• Reproductive fitnessThe capability of an organism to survive and reproduce. The phenotypic expression of the genotype in a...
• Reproductive successThe ability of a species to produce offspring that will survive and attain sexual maturity.
• Reproductive toxicologyStudy of the adverse effects of substances on the embryo, fetus, neonate and prepubertal mammal and the adult...
• ReproductivesCaste members of social insect colonies that contribute to offspring production, including queens, egg-laying...
• Reptile cultureThe cultivation of reptiles for food or other purposes.
• Research and developmentInvestigation done to achieve the improvement of products or technologies or the development of new products...
• Reserve networksA collection of protected areas, sites or nature reserves which conserve species or habitat types in order to...
• Residential areasLand used primarily for permanent dwellings, such as houses, apartments, and housing developments, including...
• Residential densityThe average number of families living on one acre of land in a given area. "Gross residential density" is...
• Resin canalsTubular intercellular spaces lined with resin-secreting cells, common in the wood, bark, and leaves of many...
• ResinsSolid, semisolid, or pseudosolid resin - An organic material that has an indefinite and often high molecular...
• ResistinA 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by fat cells in the adipose tissue. It is the founding...
• ResorptionAbsorption or, less commonly, adsorption of material by a system from which the material was previously...
• Resource allocationThe action of apportioning the supply of a resource to specific uses or to particular persons or...
• Respiratory hypersensitivityA form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. It includes asthma and rhinitis, allergic...
• Respiratory mucosaThe mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity; the larynx; the trachea; and...
• Respiratory rateThe number of times an organism breathes with the lungs (respiration) per unit time, usually per minute.
• Respiratory tract endoscopyEndoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the respiratory tract.
• Response elementsNucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors...
• Resting energy expenditurethe combination of basal energy needs, plus the thermic effect of food, plus a small amount of energy needed...
• Restriction mappingUse of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments...
• Retained treesTrees and saplings that were saved from destruction because of their value or use in agricultural land.
• ReticulocytesImmature erythrocytes. In humans, these are erythroid cells that have just undergone extrusion of their cell...
• ReticuloendotheliosisA disorder characterized by increased cell growth and hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial tissue.
• RetinaThe ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images...
• Retinal degenerationA retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects...
• Retinitis pigmentosaHereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of rod photoreceptors initially and...
• Retinoic acid receptorsProteins in the nucleus or cytoplasm that specifically bind retinoic acid or retinol and trigger changes in...
• Retort pouchesA flexible package in which food is sterilized and hermetically sealed for long-term unrefrigerated storage.
• RetrogradationA process of physical and chemical changes in aqueous solutions or gels brought on by aging, resulting in...
• Retrospective studiesA kind of nonexperimental study in which all the phenomena investigated occurs prior to the onset of the...
• RetrotransposonsElements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the...
• Retroviridae infectionsInfections with viruses of the family Retroviridae.
• Reversal agentsAny drug used to reverse the effects of anesthetics, analgesics, sedatives or toxic substances/compounds.
• Reverse geneticsThe use of techniques that produce a functional mutation or an effect on gene expression of a specific gene...
• Reverse osmosisThe application of pressure to stop or reverse the transport of solvent through a semipermeable membrane...
• Reverse transcriptionThe biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template.
• ReworksFoods which are reprocessed as alternative food products because of defects.
• Reynolds numberA nondimensional parameter representing the ratio of the momentum forces to the viscous forces in fluid flow.
• RheologyThe branch of physics dealing with the deformation and flow of matter, and is particularly concerned with the...
• Rheophilic speciesOrganisms which prefer to live in running or fast moving water.
• Rheumatoid arthritisA chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes...
• RhinitisInflammation of the nasal mucosa, the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavities.
• RhinoscopyEndoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the nasal cavity.
• RhizomaniaAbnormal root development in plants, especially seen in sugar beet, where it is caused by the Beet Necrotic...
• RhizoplaneThe microenvironment on the surface of a root.
• RhizosphereThe soil surrounding and directly influenced by plant roots.
• RhodaminesA family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as...
• RhodopsinA purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in retinal rod cells of most vertebrates. It is a complex...
• RhoptryA specialized, club-shaped secretory organelle found in the motile stages of some protozoan (apicomplexan)...
• RibotypingRestriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between...
• RibozymesRNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function...
• Rice winesAn alcoholic beverage made from fermented rice.
• RicketsA condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of...
• RickettsiaA genus of bacteria that causes typhus and spotted fevers in humans.
• Rickettsial diseasesInfections with bacteria of the order Rickettsiales.
• RifampicinA semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum...
• RifamycinsA group of anti-bacterial agents characterized by a chromophoric naphthohydroquinone group spanned by an...
• Rift Valley feverAn acute infection caused by the Rift Valley fever virus, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic...
• Rift Valley fever phlebovirusA mosquito-borne species of the Phlebovirus genus and member of the sandfly fever group viruses found in...
• Rill erosionThe process by which numerous small channels, at the most only several inches deep, are formed on recently...
• RinderpestA viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by Morbillivirus (Rinderpest virus). It may be acute...
• RING finger domainsA zinc-binding domain defined by the sequence...
• Riparian areasThe area of land next to a body of water. Riparian areas form the transition between terrestrial and aquatic...
• Riparian buffersTrees, shrubs and other vegetation located along the edge of rivers, streams and other waterways that filter...
• Riparian soilsSoil that is contained in the soil banks alongside and near rivers and streams which is subject to erosion by...
• RiskThe probability that an adverse event will occur, including measures of the probability of an unfavorable...
• Risk adjustmentThe use of severity-of-illness measures, such as age, to estimate the risk (measurable or predictable chance...
• Risk analysisThe analytical process for assessing, managing and communicating information about potential hazards or other...
• Risk assessmentThe qualitative or quantitative evaluation of the likelihood of adverse effects. A risk assessment generally...
• Risk assessment processA description of the framework, plan and course of action used to perform a risk assessment activity.
• Risk assessorsPersons who perform risk assessment.
• Risk characterizationThe last phase of the risk assessment process that estimates the potential for adverse health or ecological...
• Risk communicationAn educational process where potential risks are communicated to individuals or groups of individuals in...
• Risk communication processA description of the framework, plan and course of action used to perform a risk communication activity.
• Risk communicatorsPersons who perform risk communication.
• Risk descriptionA narrative that defines and limits an adverse condition for decision making.
• Risk estimateThe quantitative estimation of risk resulting from risk characterization.
• Risk managementThe process an organization undertakes to minimize financial, health or other risks by identifying potential...
• Risk management processA description of the framework, plan and course of action used to perform a risk management activity.
• Risk managersPersons who perform risk management.
• Risk perceptionThe subjective judgment made about the severity and aspects of a risk.
• Risk rankingThe placement of hazard elements into an ordinal sequence for decision making based on qualitatiive or...
• Risk reductionMeasures taken to reduce adverse effects.
• Risk screeningA process that separates hazard elements into descriptive categories of interest to decision makers based on...
• Risk-benefit analysisComparison of the short- and long-term risks to the overall societal benefits of an activity, chemical use...
• RNA editingA process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it.
• RNA foldingThe processes of RNA tertiary structure formation.
• RNA interferenceA gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, double-stranded) trigger the degradation of...
• RNA librariesA large collection of RNA fragments obtained by molecular cloning with applications as tools in genetic...
• RNA precursorsRNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA...
• RNA probesRNA usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is...
• RNA replicationThe process by which a RNA molecule is duplicated.
• RNA splicingThe ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA...
• RNA splicing factorsRNA-binding proteins that facilitate or inhibit RNA splicing.
• RNA transportThe process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various...
• RobenacoxibIt is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain, hyperthermia and inflammation in dogs and...
• Robertsonian translocationThe joining of two acrocentric chromosomes at the centromeres with loss of their short arms to form a single...
• Rock flourFine-grained, silt-size sediment formed by the mechanical erosion of bedrock at the base and sides of a...
• RockwoolAn inert, porous mineral product made from a mixture of rocks (diabase, limestone, coke, etc.) that is melted...
• Rocky Mountain regionRegion in North America, extending from the Arctic region in Canada south towards the Mexican frontier. (In...
• Rocky Mountain spotted feverAn acute febrile illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii (genus Rickettsia, family Rickettsiaceae). It is...
• RodenticidesPesticides that are used for controlling mice and other rodents.
• Rods (retina)Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with density increases radially away from...
• RoostersAdult male chickens usually kept for breeding.
• Root border cellsRoot border cells are specialized root cells that get slouged off from the growing root cap and may play a...
• Root capA cone-shaped structure in plants made up of a mass of meristematic cells that covers and protects the tip of...
• Root crownThe growing point where the roots meet the stem.
• Root shoot ratioThe ratio of roots to shoots in a plant, either measured by dry weight or fresh weight.
• RopinessA condition in food products in which the overgrowth of certain bacteria cause a viscous, stringy slime.
• Rose bengalA bright bluish pink compound that has been used as a dye, biological stain, and diagnostic aid.
• Rose hipsThe fruit of the rose plant.
• Rotational grazingGrazing two or more pastures or parts of a range in regular order, with definite recovery periods between...
• Rotational moldingA process by which liquid or powdered plastics are transformed into hollow plastic materials.
• RotaxanesComplex compounds in which a dumbbell shaped molecule is encircled by a macrocycle. They are named after rota...
• Rough endoplasmic reticulumA type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where polyribosomes are present on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the ER...
• Rough riceUnmilled rice that still contains the husk.
• Roundwoodsolid wood that is in the round state. This term is also used for the volume of logs required to produce a...
• Rous sarcoma virusGroup of alpharetroviruses (Alpharetrovirus) producing sarcoma and other tumors in chickens and other fowl...
• RoxithromycinSemisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive...
• Rule of three (crisis communication)The principle that in a high stress situation, messages should contain no more than three key elements...
• RuminantsEven-toed, hooved, mammals with a four chambered stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum). In adults, the...
• RunoffThe part of precipitation or irrigation water on land that has limited interaction with the landscape and...
• Rural health clinicsThe provision of health services via medical clinics in rural areas.
• Rural utilitiesThe delivery of public services such as water, electricity, gas, telephone and telecommunications to rural...

238 of 6,798 terms in Agriculture and food terminology (MLC-0114). Request the full dataset.