Agriculture and food terminology · MLC-0114

Agriculture and food terms: A (595)

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• ABC transportersA family of membrane transport proteins that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across...
• abdominal fatBody fat located in the abdominal region.
• abiotic stressThe unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism...
• abnormal behaviorAbnormal behavior is defined as an untypical reaction to a particular combination of motivational factors and...
• abnormal developmentMay be used for abnormal development in any organism, which is characterized by the change in the morphology...
• abnormal hemoglobinHemoglobins characterized by structural alterations within the molecule. The alteration can be either...
• abortifacientsChemical substances that interrupt pregnancy after implantation.
• abortion (plants)Premature termination of the development of pollen, gametes, embryos, seeds, fruits, flowers etc.
• abscessAccumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs...
• absintheAn extract of absinthium and other bitter herbs, containing 60% alcohol. Prolonged ingestion causes...
• absolute replacementAnimals are not required in any stage of the experiment being completed.
• absorbanceA measure of the amount of light absorbed by a surface.
• absorbed doseThe amount of a substance penetrating across an absorption barrier (the exchange boundaries) of an organism...
• absorbentsA substance that takes liquid in through the surface and holds it.
• absorptionThe physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other...
• absorption barrierAny surface that may retard the rate of penetration of a biological, chemical, or physical agent into an...
• academic achievementAccomplishments relating to education, learning and study, especially in schools and higher educational...
• acai berriesSmall, round, purple fruits of the palm, Euterpe oleracea, harvested for fruit, pulp or juice.
• acaricidesA type of pesticide that kills or injures mites and ticks (acarides).
• accelerated erosionErosion much more rapid than normal erosion, natural erosion, or geologic erosion, and occurring primarily as...
• accelerometryQualitative and quantitative measurement of movement patterns.
• acceptable daily intakeThe amount of a substance to which an organism can be exposed on a daily basis over an extended period of...
• acceptable riskThe level of risk that will be tolerated, depending on a variety of social, economic, scientific and other...
• AccipitridaeFamily including eagles, hawks and kites.
• accountabilityBeing held responsible and answerable for specified results or outcomes of an activity (over which one has...
• acculturationThe processes and results of contact between two or more different cultures. Generally, acculturation brings...
• accuracyThe extent to which a measurement approaches the true value of the measured quantity.
• Acer freemaniiInterspecific hybrid between Acer rubrum x Acer saccharinum.
• acervuli (fungi)An asexual fruiting body produced by certain fungi on a plant host and consisting of a mass of hyphae that...
• acetabulumThe part of the pelvis that comprises the pelvic socket where the head of femur joins to form hip joint...
• acetaminophenAnalgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a...
• acetogensObligate anaerobic bacteria that generates acetate (CH3COO-) as an end product of anaerobic respiration or...
• acetophenonesDerivatives of the simplest aromatic ketone acetophenone (of general formula C6H5C(O)CH3).
• achenesA small dry 1-seeded 1-celled indehiscent fruit that develops from superior ovary; as in Plumbaginaceae...
• Achillea lewisiiInterspecific hybrid between Achillea clavennae x Achillea tomentosa.
• Achilles tendonTendon that connects the muscles in the back of the calf to the heel bone.
• Achnatherum bloomeriAn interspecific hybrid of Achnatherum hymenoides x Achnatherum occidentalis; Also used for other hybrids...
• AchnellaIntergeneric hybrid of Achnatherum x Nassella.
• acid depositionA complex chemical and atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds and...
• acid rainLow pH rainfall resulting from atmospheric reactions of aerosols containing chlorides and sulfates (or other...
• acid soilsSoil with a pH less than 7.0.
• acid valueThe quantification of acidity or the amount of free acid present in a substance as determined by alkaline...
• acid-base balanceThe balance between acids and bases in the body fluids. The pH (hydrogen-ion concentration) of the arterial...
• acidificationTo lower the pH of a substance or material to below 7.0
• acidolysisChemical decomposition resulting from the addition of an acid to a compound.
• acidosisA pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are...
• acidulantsAn additive added to a product to increase the acidity of the product. Acidulants are often added to food...
• acinar cellsAny secreting cells lining an acinus of a compound gland.
• aconitineA C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (diterpenes) from the root of Aconitum plants. It activates voltage-gated...
• Aconitum cammarumProbable interspecific hybrid between Aconitum variegatum x Aconitum napellus.
• acornsThe characteristic, 1-celled, 1-seeded fruit of oaks (Quercus spp.); it consists of cuplike part called the...
• acousticsThe study of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects.
• acquired charactersNon-inherited modifications in the structure of an organism during its life time in response to the...
• acquired immunodeficiency syndromeAn acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)...
• acreageAn area of land measured in acres.
• acrosomeThe cap-like structure covering the anterior portion of sperm head. Acrosome, derived from lysosomes, is a...
• acrosome reactionChanges that occur to liberate the enzymes of the acrosome of a sperm (spermatozoa). Acrosome reaction allows...
• actigraphyThe measurement and recording of motor activity to assess rest/activity cycles.
• actinFilamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments...
• Actinobacillus equuliA species of bacteria that infects horses and pigs.
• Actinobacillus lignieresiiA species of bacteria that infects cattle and sheep.
• ActinobacteriaClass of bacteria with diverse morphological properties. Strains of Actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16S...
• actinometersThe general name for instruments used to measure the intensity of radiant energy, particularly that of sun.
• actinomycin DA compound composed of a two cyclic peptides attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from Streptomyces...
• actinorhizaeSymbiotic nitrogen-fixing organs composed of root tissue and actinomycete bacteria such as Frankia, which may...
• action potentialsAbrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the cell membrane of excitable cells in response to...
• activated sludgeSludge that has been aerated and treated with microorganisms in order to accelerate microbial activity and...
• active immunityResistance to a disease agent resulting from the production of specific antibodies by the host, either after...
• active sitesProtein or enzyme structural motifs that bind to other substances and activate the function of the proteins...
• activity budgetAn activity budget indicates how much time an animal spends performing a particular behavior, such as eating...
• activity samplingA form of sampling in which a large number of observations are made on machines, workers, processes etc...
• acute courseShort and relatively severe progression of disease.
• acute dermal toxicityAcute dermal toxicity is defined as the adverse effect triggered by a substance or chemical within a short...
• acute exposureContact made between a chemical, physical or biological agent and an organism for a short period of time...
• acute inhalation toxicityAcute inhalation toxicity is the total of adverse effects caused by a substance following a single...
• acute kidney injuryAbrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome...
• acute oral toxicityAcute oral toxicity refers to those adverse effects occurring following oral administration of a single dose...
• acute phase proteinsProteins that are secreted into the blood in increased or decreased quantities by hepatocytes in response to...
• acute respiratory distress syndromeA syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening respiratory insufficiency in the absence of known...
• acute toxic class methodAn alternative to the LD-50 test which uses fewer animals and classifies chemicals as very toxic, toxic...
• acute toxicityImmediate or short-term adverse reaction of an organism to a single exposure to a chemical substance.
• ad valorem dutyTariff defined as a percentage of the value of an imported commodity or product.
• adaptive managementA type of natural resource management in which decision making is an ongoing process. Monitoring the results...
• adaptive radiationRapid divergent evolution of a more generalized ancestral species into a variety of more specialized species...
• added sugarsThese sugars, syrups, and other caloric sweeteners are added when foods are processed or prepared. Added...
• additive effectA biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that equals the sum of responses of all the individual...
• additive gene effectsGene action which is the result of genes acting independently of genetic background so that each gene has an...
• additivesSubstances added to a product, usually in small quantities, in order to alter its characteristics or quality.
• adenoidsA collection of lymphoid nodules on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx.
• adenosinetriphosphataseA group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with...
• Adenoviridae infectionsVirus diseases caused by the Adenoviridae.
• Adequate IntakesWhen sufficient scientific evidence is not available to estimate an average requirement, Adequate Intakes are...
• adhesinsCell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion to other cells or to inanimate...
• adhesionThe state in which two surfaces are held together by interfacial forces which may consist of valence forces...
• adhesivesA substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. It is a general term and includes...
• adipocytesCells in the body that store fats, usually in the form of triglycerides. White adipocytes are the predominant...
• adipogenesisThe differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes.
• adipokinesPolypeptides produced by the adipocytes. They include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and many cytokines of...
• adipokinetic hormonePeptide hormones produced by some insect species stimulating the release of acylglycerols from the fat body...
• adiponectinA 30-kDa complement C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by fat cells of the white...
• adiposityThe amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in the body, an indicator of body fat status.
• AdirondacksAn area around the Adirondack Mountains located in northern New York State and sometimes included as part of...
• adjuvantsAn ingredient that improves the properties of a drug, vaccine or pesticide formulation.
• administered doseThe amount of a substance given to a test subject (human or animal) to determine dose-response relationships.
• administration of justiceThe practical execution of the law, including law enforcement, corrections and the judicial system.
• A-DNAThe form of double-stranded DNA stable under dehydrated conditions, found in crystals and solutions with...
• adolescent fathersMales between the ages of 12-18 who have fathered children.
• adrenalectomySurgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.
• adrenergic agentsDrugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are...
• adrenergic agonistsDrugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors.
• adrenergic receptorsCell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger...
• adsorbentsA substance which has the property of attaching or accumulating another substance on its surface.
• adsorptionThe taking up of one substance onto the surface of another.
• adult literacyThe ability of adults (ages 18 and older) to read and write.
• adult stem cellsCells with high proliferative and self renewal capacities derived from adults.
• adulterated productsProducts containing any deleterious substance rendering it injurious to health or products produced using...
• adulticidesChemical agents that kill the adult stage of a pest or parasite.
• advanced glycation end productsProducts derived from the nonenzymatic reaction of glucose and proteins in vivo that exhibit a yellow-brown...
• advanced regenerationSeedlings or saplings that develop naturally under a forest canopy and can become the next forest canopy...
• advanced trauma life support careThe initial life support care of the severely injured patient.
• advanced very high resolution radiometerA five-channel scanning instrument that quantitatively measures electromagnetic radiation, flown on NOAA...
• advanced wastewater treatmentAny treatment of sewage that goes beyond the secondary or biological water treatment stage and includes the...
• advectionThe predominately horizontal large-scale movement of air that causes changes in temperature or other physical...
• adventitious budsA subnormal bud that develops at any place on plant part but not at nodes, usually when a plant part is...
• adventitious shootsShoots growing from a part of a plant, such as a leaf, where they are not expected, forming new plants.
• adverse outcome pathwaysModels connecting initiating events at the cellular and molecular level to population-wide impacts...
• advocacyActive support in favor of an idea, policy, individual, group or cause.
• aedeagusCopulatory organ of some male insects.
• AegilotriticumIntergeneric hybrid of Aegilops x Triticum.
• aelurostrongylosisInfections with nematodes of the genus Aelurostrongylus.
• aequorinA photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an...
• aerenchymaProminent intercellular or gas spaces present in the cortical tissues of leaves, roots and stems of aquatic...
• aerobesOrganisms which require oxygen for their growth and survival.
• aerobic digestionA biochemical process which uses microorganisms in the presence of oxygen to decompose organic matter.
• aerobiologyAerobiology is a discipline of biology that studies biological materials, such as fungal spores, small...
• aerobiosisLife or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.
• aerodynamicsThe study of the flow of gases (especially air) and the forces that affect objects in motion; specifically...
• aeroponicsThe growing of plants in a soilless environment where nutrients are intermittently or continuously misted on...
• aerosolsA colloidal suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas.
• Aesculus carneaInterspecific hybrid between Aesculus hippocastanum x Aesculus pavia.
• aestheticsPertaining to the quality of human perceptual experience (including sight, sound, smell, touch, taste, and...
• affinity chromatographyA chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands...
• affordabilityBeing able to bear the cost or to have the financial means for purchasing goods or services.
• afforestationThe establishment of a tree crop on an area from which it has always or very long been absent.
• aflatremA potent tremorgenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus.
• African horse sicknessAn insect-borne reovirus infection of horses, mules and donkeys in Africa and the Middle East; characterized...
• African horse sickness virusA species of Orbivirus that causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys and can also infect other animals...
• African swine feverA sometimes fatal Asfivirus infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph...
• African swine fever virusA sometimes fatal Asfivirus infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph...
• after-ripeningThe dormancy period following seed formation, necessary for embryo changes that insure germination.
• agar gel electrophoresisElectrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.
• agaroseA polysaccharide present in agar and responsible for its gelling. It consists of residues of...
• agglomeration economiesThe benefits obtained when multiple companies are located near each other, due to decreased production costs...
• agglutinationThe clumping together of suspended material resulting from the action of agglutinins.
• aggregate exposureThe sum total of all exposure to a specific biological, chemical or physical agent via relevant routes...
• aggregate fruitsAn aggregate fruit is basically a cluster of simple fruits (fruitlets) that are produced from several...
• aggregate stabilityThe ability of soil aggregates to resist degradation. An aggregate is many soil particles held together in a...
• agonistic behaviorAgressive or defensive social behavior such as fighting, fleeing or submitting between individuals usually of...
• agribusinessA business that earns revenue from agriculture.
• Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933Signed May 12, 1933, this law introduced the price support programs, including production adjustments, and...
• Agricultural AgreementThe agreement within the World Trade Organization that commits members to improving market access and...
• agricultural biotechnologyThe use of living organisms, cells or cell constituents for the purpose of developing agricultural products...
• agricultural collegesEducational institutions offering a curriculum in agricultural sciences.
• agricultural conservation practiceMethods which reduce soil erosion and retain soil moisture. Major conservation practices include conservation...
• agricultural engineeringDiscipline which includes the design of machinery, equipment and structures used for agricultural operations...
• agricultural experiment stationsCenters where scientific research is conducted in order to improve food and agricultural production...
• agricultural health and safetyThe promotion of a safe and healthy environment to support the physical and mental well-being among humans...
• agricultural industryThe Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in growing...
• agricultural landLand used primarily for the production of farm commodities. The categories of "agricultural land" are...
• agricultural pollutionThe liquid and solid wastes from all types of farming, including runoff from pesticides, fertilizers and...
• agricultural productivityThe efficiency with which inputs are transformed into outputs in the agricultural sector. Agricultural...
• agricultural wastesPoultry and livestock manure, and residual materials in liquid or solid form generated from the production...
• agricultural zoningZoning which restricts land uses to agriculture and other low-density uses.
• agricultureThe science or practice of farming, including growing crops and raising animals for the production of food...
• agritourismA form of commercial enterprise that links agricultural production and/or processing with tourism in order to...
• agrivoltaic systemsAgrivoltaics is an arrangement of land use that collocates agriculture and solar photo-voltaic panels. This...
• agrobiodiversityAgrobiodiversity is a fundamental feature of farming systems around the world. It encompasses many types of...
• agroecological zonesLand areas classified by their biophysical attributes, (such as rainfed soil moisture availability...
• agroecologyThe design, development and management of sustainable agroecosystems based on the application of ecological...
• agroecosystemsLand used for crops, pasture, and livestock; the adjacent uncultivated land that supports other vegetation...
• AgroelymusIntergeneric hybrid of Agropyron x Elymus.
• agroforestryAn agroforestry system is a form of multiple land use where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, bamboos, palm...
• AgrohordeumIntergeneric hybrid of Agropyron x Hordeum.
• agroinfiltrationA technique for genetic transformation of plants by injection or vacuum infiltration of Agrobacterium or a...
• agromedicineThe study and treatment of human health related to agriculture. The application of medical and agricultural...
• agronomyThe science of crop production and soil management.
• agropastoralismThe form of farming that combines crop production with extensive livestock rearing.
• agropiscicultureThe practice of freshwater aquaculture with agriculture (crop production) concurrently or alternately.
• AgropogonIntergeneric hybrid of Agrostis x Polypogon.
• agrosilvopastoral systemsFarming systems with livestock, woody perennials, pastures and food crops.
• AgrotriticumIntergeneric hybrid of Agropyron x Triticum.
• air dryingDried by exposure to air without artificial heat.
• air ionizationThe dissociation of molecules in the air into positive and negative ions under the influence of an electric...
• air layeringInducing root development on an undetached aerial portion of a plant, commonly by wounding it, treating it...
• air pollutionAny substance or energy form (heat, light, noise, etc.) which alters the state of the air from what would...
• air spargingAir sparging is an in situ remedial technology that reduces concentrations of volatile constituents in...
• air transportationTransport of people and goods by aircraft.
• airborne transmissionThe spread of a biological, chemical or physical agent through the air, typically over distances greater than...
• airshedA region with common sources and problems of air pollution; it may coincide with a watershed or be a part of...
• alamethicinA group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon...
• alanine-tRNA ligaseAn enzyme that activates alanine with its specific transfer RNA.
• ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)A guideline for reducing known risks by minimizing exposures, considering costs, public health benefits...
• albedo (citrus fruit)The white spongy portion of the citrus peel.
• albedo (reflectance)The fraction of the total radiation incident on a body that is reflected by it. The ratio of reflected to...
• albinoanimals or plants with absence of pigmentation. In animals, lacking pigmentation in the hair, eyes, and skin...
• albuminuriaA pathological condition of having too much albumin in the urine.
• alcohol drinkingBehaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.
• alcohol oxidoreductasesA subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as...
• alcoholic beveragesDrinkable liquids containing ethanol.
• alcoholic hepatitisInflammation of the liver due to alcohol abuse. It is characterized by necrosis of hepatocytes, infiltration...
• alcoholsAlkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom...
• alcoholysisA chemical reaction in which a chemical bond is broken by the addition of an alcohol.
• aldehyde reductaseAn enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of an aldose to an alditol. It possesses broad specificity...
• aldo-keto reductasesA family of NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases that reduce carbonyl substrates including sugar-aldehydes...
• Aleutian mink diseaseA slow progressive disease of mink caused by the Aleutian mink disease virus. It is characterized by poor...
• alevinsLarval salmonid fish which derive nutrients from their yolk sac and reside in the spawning site.
• alfalfaA valuable leguminous crop for forage or hay used in livestock feeding.
• algal bloomsA readily visible, high concentration of algal growth or aggregation of algae in or on the surface layer of a...
• algicidesPesticides that control algae in lakes, canals, swimming pools, water tanks, and other sites.
• algivoresAn organism that feeds on algae.
• alkadienesAcyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.
• alkali silica reactionASR is a chemical combining of reactive silica from the concrete aggregate with the alkali from the cement...
• alkali spreading valueA test for estimating the gelatinization temperature of starch utilizing a seven point scale of the degree of...
• alkaline soilsSoil with a pH of more than 7.0.
• alkaloidsOrganic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms...
• alkalosisA pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.
• alkenesUnsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene.
• alkyd resinsSynthetic polyester resins which are used in paints, adhesives and varnishes.
• alkylationThe covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or...
• Allee effectDecline in population growth rate at low population sizes.
• Allegheny Mountain regionMountain area that is part of the Appalachian Mountain region which is west of and generally runs parallel to...
• allelesVariant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the...
• allelic dropoutsInability to detect or identify one or both allelic copies of a genetic locus after nucleic acid...
• allelic imbalanceA situation where one member (allele) of a gene pair is lost (loss of heterozygosity) or amplified.
• allelochemicalsChemical substances released by one organism exerting behavioral or physiological effects in another...
• allelopathyThe process by which organisms release chemical compounds known as allelochemicals which influence the...
• allergensA substance, usually a protein, that can cause an allergy or allergic reaction in the body.
• allergic rhinitisAn inflammation of the nasal mucosa triggered by allergens.
• allergoidsExtracts of allergens, or purified allergens that have been chemically modified to reduce their ability to...
• alley croppingA cropping system that involves growing crops in a wide strip, typically 6 meters in width, between lines of...
• allied health professionalsHealth care workers specially trained and licensed to assist and support the work of health professionals...
• alligator farmingThe cultivation of alligators for food, leather, conservation or other purposes.
• allograftingTransplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals...
• allometryThe study of the growth rate of a part of an organism in relation to the growth rate of the entire organism...
• alloparental behaviorParent-like behavior (grooming, feeding, territorial defense, protection via increased vigilance over young...
• allopatric speciationA mechanism for the evolution of new species whereby two populations of a species which are geographically...
• allopatrySpecies or populations which are geographically separated and therefore cannot interbreed. Allopatric...
• allopolyploidyPolyploidy in which two different species contribute one or more sets of chromosomes.
• allowable cutThe volume of timber which can be cut, under specified management plans during a given period.
• alloy nanoparticlesMultimetallic nanoparticles in the 1-100 nm diameter range.
• alloysAny of a large number of substances having metallic properties and consisting of two or more elements; with...
• allozymesAn isozyme which differs from other variants of the enzyme as a result of an allelic difference. An allozyme...
• alluvial plainsA flat or gently sloping land that is gradually formed when sediments are deposited by the periodic flooding...
• alluvial soilsSoils that have developed over time as sediments are deposited by the periodic flooding of streams or rivers.
• alluviumThe sedimentary matter such as silt, sand, clay, gravel or similar detrital matter deposited by running...
• almond hullsThe outermost green fleshy tissue of developing almond nut that later dries up and either falls on its own or...
• almond shellsThe hard layer between the almond hull and the almond meat.
• Almost Ideal Demand SystemA consumer demand model based on the flexible functional form approach, widely used in economics, to study...
• alpha adrenergic receptorsOne of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the...
• alpha cateninA catenin that binds F-actin and links the cytoskeleton with beta catenin and gamma catenin.
• alpha-1 adrenergic receptorsA subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors that mediate contraction of smooth muscle in a variety of tissues...
• alpha-2 adrenergic receptorsA subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they...
• alpha-adrenergic agonistsDrugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.
• alpha-amanitinA cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA polymerase...
• alpha-chlorohydrinA chlorinated propanediol with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.
• alpha-pineneA hydrocarbon of monoterpene class occurring in many essential oils.
• alpine meadowsNatural meadows occurring at high altitude, near or above treeline.
• alpine tundraA tundra that is treeless due to the high altitude and can occur at any latitude.
• Alps regionLarge mountain system of south-central Europe extending through Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria...
• alternative cropsAn agronomic crop that is not usually grown in a particular region, but planted due to its high market value...
• alternative farmingProduction methods other than energy- and chemical intensive one-crop (monoculture) farming. Alternatives...
• alternative fuelsSubstitutes for traditional liquid, oil-derived motor vehicle fuels like gasoline and diesel. Includes...
• alternative medicineTherapeutic practices which are not currently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medical...
• altimetersInstruments for measuring altitude.
• alumA double sulphate formed of aluminium and some other element (esp. an alkali metal) or of aluminium. It has...
• amanitinsCyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA...
• amantadineAn antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an...
• AmazoniaThe region immediately surrounding the Amazon River in South America.
• amber boxAll domestic support measures considered to distort production and trade, e.g. price supports or subsidies...
• ambient pressurePressure of the surrounding medium.
• ambient temperatureTemperature of the surrounding medium.
• ambient waterWaterbodies in the environment in their current state (i.e., polluted or unpolluted).
• ambient water qualityNatural concentration of water quality constituents prior to mixing of either point or nonpoint source load...
• American Association for Laboratory Animal ScienceAmerican Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS) is an association of professionals that advances...
• American IndiansPeoples indigenous to North, Central and South Americas, except Alaska.
• American Society for Cellular and Computational ToxicologyThe American Society for Cellular and Computational Toxicology (ASCCT) is a scientific society dedicated to...
• Ames testA test for chemical carcinogenicity which determines how many histidine-negative mutant Salmonella...
• amidesOrganic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2...
• amikacinA broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside...
• aminationThe creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or...
• aminesA group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens.
• amino acid isomerasesEnzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or...
• amino acid motifsCommonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary...
• amino acid receptorsCell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells...
• amino acid repeat sequencesA sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence. There often is...
• amino acid sequencesThe order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure...
• amino acid substitutionThe replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid...
• aminoacyl transfer RNAIntermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a...
• aminoacyl tRNA ligasesA subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate amino acid-specific transfer RNA with their corresponding amino acids.
• aminoacylationA reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. Transfer RNA aminoacylation is the first step in...
• aminoarabinoseAn amino sugar which binds to a lipid in the outer coat of bacteria and may increase the antibiotic...
• aminolysisChemical reaction in which a molecule is split into two parts by reacting with an ammonia or amine molecule.
• aminomethylationChemical reaction in which an amino-methyl group is introduced into a compound.
• ammonium compoundsInorganic and organic compounds that contain the ion NH4+.
• amnesiaPathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (amnesia, retrograde) or to...
• amoxicillinA broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid...
• amphibian cultureThe cultivation of amphibians for food or other purposes.
• amphibian venomsVenoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and...
• AmphipodaAn order of mostly marine Crustacea containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. Like Isopoda the...
• amphotericin BMacrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river...
• ampicillinSemi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
• amputationThe removal of a limb or other appendage or outgrowth of the body.
• amygdalaAlmond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the temporal...
• amylographsInstruments that measure and record the change in viscosity of a heated flour-water slurry or paste due to...
• amyloidA fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet...
• amyloid beta-peptidesPeptides generated from amyloid beta-peptides precursor. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the...
• amyloidosisA group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the...
• amyloplastsUnpigmented plastids in plant cytoplasm involved in starch synthesis and storage.
• anabasineAnabasine is a toxic tobacco alkalod which possesses insecticidal properties. It is a potent nicotinic...
• anabolismA biosynthetic process by which cells utilize simple substances and convert them into more complex compounds...
• anadromous fishFish that migrate from saltwater to freshwater for reproduction.
• anaerobesOrganisms which can survive and grow in the complete, or nearly complete absence of oxygen.
• anaerobic conditionsThe complete absence, or temporary absence, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given environment.
• anaerobic digestionA biochemical process which utilizes bacteria in the absence of oxygen to decompose organic matter, whereby...
• anaerobiosisThe production of energy from nutrients without using oxygen.
• analgesiaMethods of pain relief that may be used with or in place of analgesics.
• analgesicsCompounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness.
• analysis of varianceA statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to...
• analytical specificityThe degree to which a test can reliably distinguish between the analyte of interest and other components in...
• anamorphsThe asexual form of a fungus.
• anaphase promoting complexAn E3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during...
• AnaplasmaA genus of bacteria that is vectored by ticks, biting flies and other fomites to cause disease in canids...
• anautogenyReproduction in which a blood meal or ingested food is required for egg development, as in some species of...
• ancient lakesLakes consistently carrying water for more than one million years.
• Andes regionThe area of the great mountain system of South America, extending 4500 miles along the entire west coast of...
• andesiteAn extrusive usually dark grayish rock consisting essentially of oligoclase or feldspar.
• androgenesisthe development of an embryo from a fertilized egg that only involves the paternal chromosomes from the male...
• androstanesThe family of steroids from which the androgens are derived.
• androstanolsAndrostanes and androstane derivatives which are substituted in any position with one or more hydroxyl groups.
• anemochoryDispersal of seed by wind.
• Anemone fulgensA natural interspecific hybrid between Anemone hortensis x Anemone pavonina.
• Anemone hybridaAn interspecific hybrid between Anemone hupehensis x Anemone vitifolia.
• anestrusA state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no estrous cycle. Causes of anestrus include...
• aneuploidyThe chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of...
• aneurysmPathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel or the heart. It indicates a...
• angel food cakesA light spongy cake made out of flour, egg whites, sugar and other ingredients. The mixture of egg whites and...
• angiogenesisThe development of new blood vessels.
• angiogenic proteinsIntercellular signaling peptides and proteins that regulate the proliferation of new blood vessels under...
• angiogeninAngiogenin (147 aa, 17 kDa) is encoded by the human ANG gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of...
• angiographyRadiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
• angiopoietin-1The first to be discovered member of the angiopoietin family. It may play a role in increasing the sprouting...
• angiopoietin-2An angiopoietin that is closely related to angiopoietin-1. It binds to the TIE-2 receptor without receptor...
• angiopoietinsA family of structurally-related angiogenic proteins of approximately 70 kDa in size. They have high...
• angioscopyEndoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on the interior of blood vessels.
• angiostrongylosisInfections with nematodes of the genus Angiostrongylus.
• angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorsA class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their...
• angiotensinogenAn alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver and...
• angiotensinsOligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (vasoconstriction) and fluid...
• angle of incidenceThe angle between a wave that strikes a surface and the perpendicular to that surface at the point of...
• angle of reposeThe maximum slope of a pile of loose granular material at rest.
• anhydridesChemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water.
• anhydrobiosisAnhydrobiosis is defined as an ametabolic state induced by dehydration and followed by resurrection when...
• anhydrous milk fatA dairy product made from cream or butter containing at least 99.8% milk fat and 0.10% moisture.
• animal assisted therapyThe use of live animal as a means of therapy.
• animal behaviorThe scientific study of the behavior of an animal in its natural environment.
• animal breedingAgriculture relating to the care and breeding of domestic animals such as cattle, hogs, sheep, and horses.
• animal byproductsParts of carcasses of livestock or poultry, processed by cooking, curing, drying or other methods.
• animal control officersLaw enforcement officers who enforce animal control laws and investigate incidents of animal cruelty and...
• animal control servicesThe provision of services in a municipality by authorized personnel to enforce animal control laws that...
• animal dealersUnder the Animal Welfare Act, animal dealers are individuals or companies who sell domesticated or wild...
• animal densityIn biology, populations are groups of individuals belonging to the same species that live in the same region...
• animal disease modelsNaturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently...
• animal ethicsAnimal ethics is a rational argument about the right and wrong way to treat non-human animals. It is applied...
• animal exercise wheelA round, stationary exercise device that rotates when rodents ineract or run/walk on it (similar to a...
• animal healthThe homeostatic state of the animal; presence or absence of disease or injury.
• animal identificationProcedures for recognizing individual animals and certain identifiable characteristics pertaining to them...
• animal lawLaws and legislation that govern the treatment, confinement, or production of animals and livestock.
• animal modelsNon-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching...
• animal productionIndustries in the Animal Production subsector raise or fatten animals for the sale of animals or animal...
• animal reproductionThe production by an organism of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material...
• animal source proteinDietary proteins originating from animals.
• animal space requirementsRecommended area, including floor area and height, based on the weight of the animal, the number of animals...
• animal stressPhysical reaction to danger, threat of harm, or lack of nutrition or hydration.
• animal sufferingA set of negative emotions such as fear, pain, boredom, etc., that disrupts the quality of life. It also...
• animal techniciansAssistants to a veterinarian, biological or biomedical researcher, or other scientist who are engaged in the...
• animal use alternativesAlternatives to the use of animals in research, testing, and education. The alternatives may include...
• animal welfareThe protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments by promoting their health through...
• Animal Welfare ActThe Animal Welfare Act (AWA) was signed into law on August 24, 1966. It is the only Federal law in the United...
• Animal Welfare InstituteThe Animal Welfare Institute is an American, non-profit, charitable organization founded in 1951 with the...
• animal welfare laws and regulationsInternational, federal, state, and local laws governing the welfare of animals.
• animal welfare professionalsVeterinarians, animal care technicians, animal control officers, animal shelter caretakers, animal facility...
• animal welfare stakeholdersIndividuals, organizations, and government agencies who are involved in regulating and enforcing the treament...
• animal well-beingThe current state of an animal living in reasonable harmony with its environment.
• animal-based foodsFoods originating from animal sources.
• animal-friendly affinity reagentsGenetically recombined antibodies and non-antibody binding reagents that are created in vitro using synthetic...
• anion exchangeReversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of the anion exchange resins, and a fluid whereby...
• anion pumpsMembrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules...
• anisotropyA physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement...
• ankylosisFixation and immobility of a joint.
• annealingHeating followed by slow cooling.
• annual pasturesA pasture consisting of introduced forage species planted for only one year or season's duration.
• anodesThe positive poles or electrodes of electron emitters, such as electron tubes or electric cells.
• anovulationSuspension or cessation of ovulation in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (ovarian...
• antacidsSubstances having acid neutralizing capacity. These are usually drugs used to neutralize acid in the stomach.
• antecedent moistureThe degree of wetness of the soil at the beginning of a runoff period, expressed as an index or as the total...
• anterior cruciate ligamentA strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the...
• anterior pituitaryThe anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the...
• anthelminticsAgents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of helminthiasis in man...
• anthersPollen-bearing portion of the stamen.
• anthocyaninsA group of flavonoids derived from flavonols, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position. They are...
• anthracyclinesOrganic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to...
• anthraxAn acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria Bacillus anthracis. It commonly affects hoofed...
• anthrax vaccinesVaccines to prevent anthrax.
• anthropometric measurementsMeasurements of the human body, employed in the study of human growth and variation.
• anthrozoologyThe study of human-animal interactions regarding animal welfare and attitudes, medical and social aspects of...
• anti-allergic agentsAgents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these drugs act by preventing the release of...
• antibiosisA natural association between organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them. This often refers to the...
• antibioticsChemical substances produced by microorganisms or synthetically that inhibit the growth of, or destroy...
• antibody affinityA measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on...
• antibody binding sitesLocal surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (epitopes). They are...
• antibody diversityThe phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of antibodies. It enables the immune system to react...
• antibody microarraysThe arrangement of a large set of minute antibody spots that are coated or fixed on solid surface...
• antibody specificityThe property of antibodies which enables them to react with some antigenic determinants and not with others...
• anticarcinogenic activityThe property of a substance to counteract the effects of a carcinogen, or inhibit or prevent the development...
• anticarcinogenic agentsAgents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism...
• anticoagulantsSubstances that prevent the coagulation (clotting) of blood.
• anticodonsThe sequential set of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that interacts with its complement in messenger RNA...
• anticonvulsantsDrugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
• antidotesDrug or chemical that counteracts the toxic actions of a poison.
• antiemeticsAny substance that is used to prevent nausea or vomiting.
• antifouling activitiesThe process of removing or preventing undesirable accumulation of microorganisms, plants, and animals on...
• antifouling agentssubstances that prevent surfaces from becoming encrusted, clogged or choked with foreign matter.
• antifreeze proteinsProteins that bind to ice and modify the growth of ice crystals. They perform a cryoprotective role in a...
• antigen presentationThe process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by...
• antigen-antibody complexThe complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody...
• anti-infective agentsSubstances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to...
• anti-inflammatory agentsSubstances that reduce or suppress inflammation.
• antilipemic agentsSubstances that lower the lipid levels in the blood.
• antimicrobial packagingA packaging system or material that contains antimicrobial agents and is able to inhibit the growth of...
• antimitotic agentsAgents that arrest cells in mitosis.
• anti-Mullerian hormoneA glycoprotein that causes regression of Mullerian ducts. It is produced by Sertoli cells of the testes. In...
• antimycin AAn antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may...
• antineoplastic activityThe property of a substance to inhibit or prevent the proliferation of a neoplasm that has already developed.
• antineoplastic agentsSubstances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms.
• anti-obesity agentsAgents that increase energy expenditure and weight loss by neural and chemical regulation. Beta-adrenergic...
• antioxidant enzymesA part of the antioxidant defense mechanism which reduces oxidative stress by catalyzing a redox reaction...
• antiplatyhelmintic agentsAgents used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals.
• antiportersMembrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the opposite direction across a...
• antipyreticsDrugs used to reduce body temperature in fever.
• Antiquities ActThe Antiquities Act of 1906 provides for the protection of historic or prehistoric remains, or any object of...
• antisepticsSubstances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity...
• antiserumSerum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen...
• antistaling agentsAgents used to maintain softness, moisture, texture, and color of baked goods or fresh-cut flowers, produce...
• antithrombin IIIA plasma alpha 2 glycoprotein that accounts for the major antithrombin activity of normal plasma and also...
• antithrombin proteinsAn endogenous family of proteins belonging to the serpin superfamily that neutralizes the action of thrombin...
• antithrombinsEndogenous factors and drugs that directly inhibit the action of thrombin, usually by blocking its enzymatic...
• antitussive agentsAgents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center.
• Aotus nancymaaeNative to Brazil and Peru. The species was named for Dr. Nancy Shui-Fong Ma, a pathologist who mapped this...
• aphidophagous predatorsFeeding on aphids or parasitoids of aphids.
• aphrodisiacsAny substance that stimulates sexual response.
• AphthovirusA genus of the family Picornaviridae infecting mainly cloven-hoofed animals. They cause vesicular lesions and...
• apicoplast genomeThe genetic complement of apicoplasts as represented in their DNA.
• apolysisThe separation of old endocuticle or exoskeleton from the underlying epidermis, as seen in insects...
• apomixisBiological reproduction without fertilization, meiosis, or production of gametes, resulting in seeds that are...
• apoplastThe outer compartment of a plant cell external to the plasma membrane. Formed in adjacent cells by the...
• Appalachian regionRegion in North America, extending from Newfoundland to central Alabama. (In the United States, includes...
• appetite suppressantsAgents or drugs used for suppressing appetite.
• appetizersA small amount of food, generally eaten just before the main meal.
• application programming interfaceAn Application Programming Interface, or API, is a set of software instructions and standards that allows...
• appropriate level of protectionDegree of health protection considered acceptable by a member government establishing a sanitary or...
• apramycinAn antibiotic complex and broad-spectrum antibiotic substance of nebramycin complex produced by Streptomyces...
• apyraseA calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also...
• aquacultureThe cultivation of aquatic animals and plants, including freshwater and marine species, for food or other...
• aquaponicsA system combining aquaculture with hydroponics in which aquatic animals and hydroponically-grown plants are...
• aquatic ecosystemsInteraction of living organisms with the physical or chemical environment in a body of water.
• aquatic environmentWaters, including wetlands, that serve as habitat for interrelated and interacting communities and...
• aquatic plant cultureThe cultivation of aquatic plants for food or other purposes.
• aquatic plantsPlants that grow in water either floating on the surface, growing up from the bottom of the body of water or...
• aquic regimesThe aquic moisture regime occurs when the soil is saturated by water for significant periods of time and is...
• aquicludeAn impermeable body of rock that may absorb water slowly, but does not transmit it.
• aquifersA geologic formation or structure that transmits water in sufficient quantity to supply the needs for a water...
• ArabsPeople who identify their nationality, ethnic identity, ancestry or first language as Arabic.
• arbovirusesArthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts...
• archaeologyThe study of past human cultures through the excavation and analysis of artifacts or other material remains...
• arecolineAn alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both...
• Arenaviridae infectionsInfections with viruses of the family Arenaviridae.
• argilliteA compact argillaceous (clayey) rock differing from shale in being cemented by silica and from slate in...
• arginine vasopressinThe predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue...
• arid landsBarren, desert or semi-desert land that is typically dry with less than 10 inches of annual precipitation.
• arid zonesDry climatic type with less than 10 inches of precipitation per year.
• aridic regimesThe aridic moisture regime has limited plant available water since the soil is dry for at least half of the...
• arilA special, usually fleshy seed covering of certain seeds that commonly develops from the ovule integument(s)...
• aroclorsIndustrial chemicals which have become widespread environmental pollutants. Each aroclor is a mixture of...
• arrhenotokyParthenogenetic production of males from unfertilized eggs.
• arrhythmiaAny disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or myocardial contraction. Cardiac arrhythmias...
• ARRIVE guidelinesA step-by-step checklist that can improve transparency and how individuals report animal research when...
• arteriesThe vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
• arteriolesThe smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.
• arthrodesisThe surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by...
• arthropod proteinsProteins synthesized by organisms belonging to the phylum Arthropoda. Included in this heading are proteins...

595 of 6,908 terms in Agriculture and food terminology (MLC-0114). Request the full dataset.