Agriculture and food terminology · MLC-0114

Agriculture and food terms: C (739)

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• conceptionThe fusion between sperm and egg in animals to produce a zygote.
• conception rateThe percentage of matings that result in the successful fusion of egg and sperm to produce a zygote. Term can...
• conceptusThe product of conception at any stage of development from fertilization to birth. It includes the embryo or...
• concerted evolutionTwo related genes evolving together as though constituting a single locus.
• condensatesThe liquid that separates from a vapor during condensation.
• condimentsSeasonings and flavorings that are generally added to foods by the consumer after preparation.
• condition factorA measurement of the general health condition of fish as calculated by the ratio of body weight to body...
• cones (retina)Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the fovea centralis of the macula lutea. There are...
• confidence intervalA range of values that has a specified probability (e.g., 95 percent) of containing the statistical parameter...
• confocal microscopyA light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is...
• Congo redThe sodium salt of benzidinediazo-bis-1-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid; a diazo dye that is red in alkaline...
• conidiationAsexual spore formation as found in filamentous fungi.
• connexinsA group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the...
• conotoxinsPeptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus Conus. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids...
• consciousnessSense of awareness of self and the environment.
• consensus sequenceA theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the...
• consequence assessmentEvaluation of the biological, economic, environmental or health impacts of the introduction of an agent.
• consequential life cycle assessmentA life-cycle modeling method that describes the external consequences of decisions that change how material...
• conservation areasAn area of special interest due to its wildlife, natural features or historic value which is protected by...
• conservation bankingThe application of the "mitigation" or "offset" approach to endangered species. When developers expect to...
• conservation banksConservation banks are permanently protected lands that contain natural resource values. These lands are...
• conservation buffersConservation buffers are strips or other areas with trees or grass that help control pollutants, erosion, or...
• conservation creditsCredits for land that is set aside for conservation purposes. Credits may be traded when some activity may...
• Conservation Reserve ProgramA major provision of the Food Security Act of 1985 designed to reduce erosion and protect water quality on up...
• conservation tillageAny of several farming methods that provide for seed germination, plant growth, and weed control yet maintain...
• conserved sequencesA sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple...
• consistency (physical properties)That property of a liquid adhesive by virtue of which it tends to resist deformation. (Consistency is not a...
• constipationInfrequent or difficult evacuation of feces.
• constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 signalosomeA highly conserved, eukaryotic, large multiprotein complex consisting of 8 subunits (CSN1 to CSN8). It is...
• consumer behaviorThe predicted or observable activity or manner in which people make decisions regarding the procurement of...
• consumer demandThe consumer's desire to possess a commodity conditioned by willingness and ability to pay.
• consumer expenditureThe goods and services purchased by consumers at the local, regional, or national level. Consumer expenditure...
• Consumer Price IndexThe Bureau of Labor Statistics' general measure of retail prices (for goods and services) paid by urban wage...
• consumer surplusIn economics, the difference between the price that a consumer pays for a good or a service and the amount...
• consumption (economics)The utilization of economic goods to satisfy needs or in manufacturing.
• contact angleThe angle at which a liquid/vapor meets the solid surface.
• contact dermatitisA type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or...
• contagious ecthymaAn infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats, affecting primarily the muzzle and lips. It is caused by a...
• container transportTransport of goods using a very large (typically 20- or 40- feet long), standard-sized, sealable metal box...
• contingent valuationA method of estimating the value people put on, usually, non-market goods or costs by surveying their...
• continuing educationEducational programs designed to inform individuals of recent advances in their particular field of interest...
• continuous croppingThe growing of a single crop species on a field year after year. Contrast crop rotation and mixed cropping.
• continuous grazingAllowing domestic livestock to graze a specific area throughout the grazing season. The term is not...
• contour buffer stripsContour buffer strips are strips of perennial vegetation alternated down the slope with wider cultivated...
• contour farmingField operations such as plowing, planting, cultivating, and harvesting on the contour, or at right angles to...
• contraceptionUse of devices, agents or procedures which prevent impregnation or conception.
• contraceptive vaccinesVaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.
• contraceptivesAgents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception.
• controlled atmosphere storageA storage technology in which the gas composition in the storage facility is controlled in order to delay...
• controlled substancesDrugs or chemical agents whose manufacture, possession, or use are regulated by government. This may include...
• controlled traffic systemsA practice where all tractor, harvester, seeder and other farm equipment wheels repeatedly use the same wheel...
• convectionGenerally, transport of heat and moisture by the movement of a fluid. In meteorology, the term is used...
• convective available potential energyA measure of the amount of energy available for convection. CAPE is directly related to the maximum potential...
• conventional tillageThe traditional method of farming in which soil is prepared for planting by completely inverting it with a...
• cooking instructionAn educational method utilized to demonstrate food preparation techniques.
• cooking utensilsThe assortment of handheld implements used for the preparation of foods.
• cook-videUnpacked product cooked in boiling water under vacuum conditions.
• cooperativesAn organization formed for the purpose of producing and marketing goods or products owned collectively by...
• coordination compoundsNeutral or negatively charged ligands bonded to metal cations or neutral atoms. The number of ligand atoms to...
• coordination polymersMaterials containing metal ion centers linked by organic ligands that extend infinitely into one, two or...
• copal resinAn immature, lustrous, subfossilized diterpenoid resin that is not polymerized or old enough to become amber.
• copolymerizationThe act of producing a chemical structure with a high molecular weight that is comprised of two or more...
• coppicingSivicultural system in which broad-leaved trees are cut close to the ground to encourage vegetative sprouting...
• coproantigensDetectable pathogen- or parasite-specific antigens in the feces of infected host that should disappear from...
• co-product allocationObjectively assigning resource use, energy consumption, and emissions to identified co-products where there...
• coproductsAny two or more products produced together from the same processing or manufacturing unit.
• coprophagyAn animal behavior of feeding on feces.
• coprophilous organismsAn organism feeding on feces of another organism.
• copy number variationA copy number variation (CNV) is when the number of copies of a particular gene varies from one individual to...
• cor triatriatumA malformation of the heart in which the embryonic common pulmonary vein was not incorporated into the left...
• cordwoodWood that is cut in short lengths, usually measured in cords and commonly used as fuel. Applies also to other...
• cormsA solid, short, swollen underground stem which serves as an asexual propagule for the plant, lasts only one...
• Corn Belt regionRegion in the Midwestern United States where is maize is grown on a vast scale, covering Illinois, Indiana...
• corn steep liquorA coproduct of corn wet milling, in which corn is processed by steeping. It is used in various food, feed and...
• coronary artery diseasePathological processes of coronary arteries that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic...
• coronary diseaseAn imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply...
• coronary sinusA short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the myocardium and drains into the right...
• coronary vesselsThe veins and arteries of the heart.
• Coronavirus infectionsVirus diseases caused by the Coronavirus genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys...
• corporate social responsibilityThe principle where businesses have a responsibility to make decisions that favorably impact the social...
• corporationsA for profit business organization where the corporation is a distinct entity from the people who control...
• correlationA statistical relationship of the degree to which two or more variables exhibit a tendency to vary together.
• corrosionThe deterioration of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment.
• cortisolThe main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an...
• corymbsA flat-topped floral cluster with outer flowers opening first.
• cost benefit analysisAn analytical technique that compares the costs and benefits of investments, program or policy actions in...
• cost of illness analysisA determination of the economic impact of a disease or health condition, including treatment costs; this form...
• costameresStriated muscle cell components which anchor the myofibrils from the Z-bands to the sarcolemma and...
• cotinineThe N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of nicotine. It thus serves as a...
• cotton ginA machine that separates raw cotton fibers from their seeds.
• cotton gin trashCotton seed coat fragments that are shattered or torn off during ginning and appear in the fibers as...
• cotton ginningThe process of using a cotton gin machine to separate the cotton seed from the lint.
• cotyledonsA part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants...
• couplingsA device that serves to connect one object to another, such as a device to connect an implement to a tractor...
• cover cropsA crop grown between periods of regular production of the main crop for the purposes of protecting the soil...
• COVID-19 infectionCOVID-19, a highly infectitious respiratory disease in humans, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome...
• cow-calf operationsLivestock operations in which a base breeding herd of mother cows and bulls are maintained. Each year's...
• cowpeasany bean of the genus Vigna.
• cowsMature females in the family Bovidae.
• Crabtree effectThe effect of increasing fermentation by providing glucose as a nutrient in certain yeasts.
• crackersBaked crisp snack foods made from unleavened grain flour dough to which flavorings or seasonings may be added.
• cradle-to-cradleA system boundary condition in a life cycle assessment which describes the raw material extraction (cradle)...
• cradle-to-gateA system boundary condition in a life cycle assessment which describes the raw material extraction (cradle)...
• cradle-to-graveA system boundary condition in a life cycle assessment which describes the raw material extraction (cradle)...
• cranial cruciate ligamentA ligament which, along with the caudal cruciate ligament, provides stability to the stifle joint.
• Crassulacean acid metabolismBiochemical pathway where the initial carbon fixation occurs in the outer mesophyll cells during the night...
• C-reactive proteinA plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.
• creamingThe process in which particles of the dispersed phase of an emulsion, such as droplets suspended in an...
• creep feedingA method for feeding young animals in which a barrier ("creep") is placed so that only animals small enough...
• creosoteAn oily liquid mixture of phenols, creosols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarons, obtained by the...
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob SyndromeA rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals...
• criminologyThe study of crime and criminals with special reference to the personality factors and social conditions...
• crisis communicationA type of risk communication that acknowledges a hazard, validates concern, and communicates effective action.
• crisis response planCourse of action for dealing with an emergency situation.
• CRISPR sequencesRepetitive nucleic acid sequences that are principal components of the archaeal and bacterial CRISPR-CAS...
• CRISPR-associated endonuclease 9An RNA-guided endodeoxyribonuclease that associates with CRISPR sequences in Streptococcus pyogenes and other...
• CRISPR-associated proteinsProtein components of the CRISPR-CAS systems for anti-viral defense in archaea and bacteria. These are...
• CRISPR-Cas systemsAdaptive antiviral defense mechanisms, in archaea and bacteria, based on DNA repeat arrays called Clustered...
• critical loadA quantitative estimate of pollutant exposure below which significant adverse effects on the environment do...
• crocodile farmingThe cultivation of crocodiles for food, leather, conservation or other purposes.
• Crohn diseaseA chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the digestive tract from mouth to anus, mostly...
• crop acreageAcres of a specific crop planted in a cropping season by farmers.
• crop coefficientAn estimate of consumptive water use by crops based on evapotranspiration values.
• crop diversificationCrop diversification is defined as the strategy of shifting from less profitable to more profitable crops...
• crop failureConsists mainly of the acreage on which crops failed because of weather, insects, and diseases but does...
• crop productionIndustries in the Crop Production subsector grow crops mainly for food and fiber. The subsector comprises...
• crop residuesAny organic matter left in the field after the harvest of a crop, e.g. leaves, stalks, stubble, roots, hulls.
• crop rotationSystem of cultivation where different crops are planted in consecutive growing seasons to maintain soil...
• crop yearThe year in which a crop is produced and harvested. Compare "marketing year."
• croplandLand used primarily for the production of adapted cultivated and close-growing crops for harvest, alone or in...
• cropland harvestedIncludes row crops and closely sown crops; hay and silage crops; tree fruits, small fruits, berries, and tree...
• cropping systemsThe pattern of crops grown on a given piece of land, or order in which the crops are cultivated over a fixed...
• cropsUSDA considers crops to be those plants that are cultivated either for sale or for subsistence.
• cross immunityA state in which immunity to an infectious agent is effective in protecting the organism against...
• cross infectionInfection contracted between individual organisms with different pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and...
• cross pollinationFertilization of a plant with pollen from another plant. Pollen may be transferred by wind, insects, other...
• cross reactionSerological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely...
• cross-grained woodWood in which the fibers deviate from a line parallel to the sides of the piece. Cross grain may be either...
• crossing overThe reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous chromosomes by...
• crosslinkingAn atom or group connecting adjacent molecules in a complex molecular structure.
• cross-linking reagentsReagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting...
• cross-sectional studiesStudies in which variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative...
• cruciferinCruciferin is a 12S globulin storage protein found in the seeds of some crucifers. It is a hexamer composed...
• crustinCrustins are a group of antibacterial peptides with molecular weight about 7 - 14 kDa and with a four...
• cryobiologyThe study of biological materials or systems subjected to temperatures below their normal range.
• cryo-electron microscopyElectron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and...
• cryogelationThe transition of a solution into macroporous semisolid state by cooling it at subzero temperature.
• cryogelsMacroporous hydrogels that are produced at subzero temperatures. Cryogels have pores that are produced by...
• cryogenicsThe branch of physics that deals with the production and effects of very low temperatures, as applied to...
• cryopreservationPreservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations...
• cryosurgeryThe use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue.
• cryptic speciationA biological process that results in a group of different species that are morphologically nearly identical...
• cryptobiosisA state in which metabolic activity in an organism is halted or slowed in response to adverse environmental...
• cryptochromesFlavoproteins that function as circadian rhythm signaling proteins in animals and as blue-light...
• cryptogamsPlants and plant-like organisms, such as mosses, ferns, fungi, and algae, that reproduce by spores and not by...
• cryptogenic speciesA species of unknown origin.
• cryptorchidismA developmental defect characterized by failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum.
• cryptozoitesThe state of malaria parasites, Plasmodium, that develop directly from sporozoites during exoerythrocytic...
• crystallinsMajor proteins found in the vertebrate lens.
• cue-lureA synthetic kairomone eliciting attraction of tephritid fruit flies such as Bactrocera cucurbitae.
• cuisineA style or method of food preparation.
• culdoscopyEndoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the female pelvic viscera by means of an endoscope introduced...
• culinary scienceThe science of applying culinary arts to food sciences.
• culling (animals)Selection and removal of individuals from a population or group. Culling is a common strategy with livestock...
• culling (plants)The individual removal of genetically undesirable, inferior, weak, diseased or infested plants from a...
• cultivarsA contraction of "cultivated variety." It refers to a plant type within a particular cultivated species that...
• cultural landscapeThe aspect of the face of the earth which results from the presence of man - the natural landscape modified...
• cultured meatMeat produced from the skeletal muscle or muscle cells or stem cells in laboratory conditions by using tissue...
• culvertsA culvert is any kind of drain or pipe that allows unwanted water to flow under a road, trail etc. from one...
• Cumberland Mountain regionAn area in the southeastern section of the Appalachian Mountain Region located in Virginia, Kentucky, and...
• cumulative distributionThe sum of the probabilities of each value of a discrete random variable or the integral of the probability...
• cumulative exposureThe sum total of all exposure to biological, chemical or physical agents via relevant routes, pathways and...
• cumulative riskThe combined risk from aggregate exposures to multiple agents or stressors.
• cumulative risk assessmentAn analysis, characterization, and possible quantification of the combined risks to health or the environment...
• cup handlingA non-aversive method of picking up a mouse using one or both hands to gently cup the animal. This method is...
• CupressaceaeA plant family of the order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Tracheophyta. They are mainly resinous...
• cured foodsFood that has been treated with salt or nitrate or nitrite to preserve it. A very old method of food...
• curing (crops)A postharvest treatment of crops to reduce water loss and decay during storage. In root and tuber crops...
• curing (food products)Any of a variety of processes that employ chemicals, smoke, sugar, or spices to preserve foods and/or modify...
• curly-grained woodWood in which the fibers are distorted so that they have a curled appearance, as in "birdseye" wood. The...
• currency exchange rateThe price that one currency converts to another. Nominal exchange rates are the current value of the foreign...
• customer serviceAssistance provided to buyers of goods or services, such as providing technical information, complaint...
• cutinA waxy hydrophobic substance deposited on the suface of plants, composed of complex long chain fatty esters...
• cut-off criteria (life cycle assessment)Quantification of the material or energy exchanges or the level of environmental impact associated with unit...
• cutting agentsChemical used to dilute or adulterate illicit drugs at each stage of the chain of distribution.
• CXCR1 receptorHigh-affinity G-protein coupled receptors for interleukin-8 present on neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils.
• CXCR2 receptorThis allele, IL8RB, which encodes high affinity interleukin-8 receptor B protein, is involved in the...
• CXCR3 receptorCD183 is a G protein-coupled receptor with selectivity for three chemokines, termed IP10...
• CXCR4 receptorCXCR4 shares features common to G protein coupled receptors. CXCR4 is a receptor for the CXC chemokine...
• CXCR5 receptorThis gene was identified as a gene specifically expressed in Burkitt's lymphoma and lymphatic tissues. The...
• CXCR6 receptorCXCR6 gene is expressed in lymphoid tissues and activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. The protein, CXCR6...
• cyanidesInorganic salts of hydrogen cyanide containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is...
• CyanobacteriaA phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing...
• cyanobacterial toxinsToxins or poisonous substances produced by cyanobacteria, particularly by cyanobacterial blooms.
• cyanophagesViruses whose host are cyanobacterial cells.
• cyberbullyingCyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets...
• cyberneticsThat branch of learning which brings together theories and studies on communication and control in living...
• cybridsThe viable cell resulting from the fusion of a cytoplast (cytoplasm remaining after the enculeation of a...
• cyclic ethersCompounds of the general formula R-O-R arranged in a ring or crown formation.
• cyclic peptidesPeptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some...
• cyclinsA large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of cyclin-dependent...
• cyclodextrinsA homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of...
• cyclohexanonesCyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.
• cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitorsA subclass of cyclooxygenase inhibitors with specificity for cyclooxygenase-2.
• cyclooxygenase inhibitorsCompounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases) and thereby...
• cyclophilin AA 17-kda cytoplasmic peptidylprolyl isomerase involved in immunoregulation. It is a member of the cyclophilin...
• cyclophilin DA member of the cyclophilins family of isomerases which plays a role in the regulation of the permeability...
• cyclophilinsA family of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases that bind to cyclosporins and regulate the immune system.
• cycloserineAntibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.
• cyclosporinsA group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon...
• cymenesA subclass of monoterpenes that contain a single benzene ring structure with an isopropyl group and one or...
• cymose inflorescencesWhen the main axis of an inflorescence ends in a flower.
• cypselaA dry, indehiscent, single-seeded fruit that develops from bicarpellary inferior ovary as seen in sunflower...
• cystatinsA homologous group of endogenous cyteine proteinase inhibitors. The cystatins inhibit most cysteine...
• cysteineA thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine.
• cysteine dioxygenaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-cysteine to 3-sulfinoalanine (3-sulfino-L-alanine) in the...
• cystic fibrosisAn autosomal recessive genetic disease of the exocrine glands. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding...
• cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorA chloride channel that regulates secretion in many exocrine tissues. Abnormalities in the CFTR gene have...
• cysticercosisInfection with cysticercus, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium...
• cystineA covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of...
• cystitisInflammation of the urinary bladder, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually...
• cystoscopyEndoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder.
• cysts (pathology)Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an epithelium. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal...
• cytoglobinA globin protein that may protect cells from oxidative stress and function in intracellular oxygen storage...
• cytokine receptorsA cytokine receptor is a protein on the cell surface that specifically binds cytokine ligands which are small...
• cytokinesisThat part of the cell cycle process involving the division of the cytoplasm, occuring after nuclear division...
• cytokininsA class of phytohormones that promote and control growth responses of plants.
• Cytomegalovirus infectionsInfection with cytomegalovirus characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may...
• cytopathogenicityThe quality of being able to cause pathological or destructive changes in cells.
• cytoplasmThe part of a cell that contains the cytosol and small structures excluding the cell nucleus; mitochondria...
• cytoplasmic incompatibilityReproductive incompatibility between allopatric populations of the same species in which eggs fertilized by...
• cytoplasmic inheritanceTransmission of parental characters by extrachromosomal means such as by the DNA in mitochondria...
• cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virusesA group of entomopathogenic viruses that infect arthropods. According to the International Committee on...
• cytoplasmic streamingThe movement of cytoplasm within a cell. It serves as an internal transport system for moving essential...
• cytoplasmic vesiclesMembrane-limited structures derived from the plasma membrane or various intracellular membranes which...
• cytosensor microphysiometer assayA non-animal test method developed in search for a replacement for the Draize rabbit eye test. This assay...
• cytoskeletal proteinsMajor constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible...
• cytosolThe fluid portion of the cytoplasm exclusive of organelles and membranes.
• cytotoxinsSubstances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are...

739 of 6,908 terms in Agriculture and food terminology (MLC-0114). Request the full dataset.