Agriculture and food terminology · MLC-0114

Agriculture and food terms: I (235)

• Iatrogenic disordersAny adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician, surgeon, or other...
• Ice coverDuring the present time, the extent, especially the thickness, of glacier ice on a land surface. Also the...
• Ice milkIce milk is similar to ice cream but it contains less milk fat (2-5 % vs. 10%) and milk solids(11-14%) and...
• Ice shelfA sheet of very thick ice with a level or gently undulating surface. It is attached to the land on one side...
• IchthyoplanktonThe free-floating component of zooplankton that includes fish eggs, fry, and larvae.
• IchthyosisAny of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to...
• IdarubicinAn orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against breast cancer...
• Ideal body weightThe body weight required to maintain a state of overall health. Often defined as Body Mass Index values...
• Idiopathic diseasesDiseases and disorders of unknown or inapparent cause.
• Igneous rocksRocks formed by solidification of molten magma.
• IleostomySurgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. This replacement for...
• IliumThe largest of three bones that make up each half of the pelvic girdle.
• Illicit drugsDrugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are...
• IlliteA potassium-rich clay mineral.
• Image analysisThe extraction of useful information from images.
• Imino sugarsSugars in which the oxygen is replaced by a nitrogen atom. This substitution prevents normal metabolism...
• Imitation foodsProducts consisting of regular foods and/or chemical formulations that may be used in place of the foods they...
• ImmigrationThe movement of an organism from its native area to a nonnative area.
• Immiscible displacementThe simultaneous movement of two or more immiscible fluids in porous media.
• Immune evasionMethods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system.
• ImmunizationDeliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens...
• ImmunocastrationImmunocastration is a an alternative to surgical removal of the testes in which testicular function is...
• ImmunocompetenceThe ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.
• Immunocompromised populationA population of individuals with a weakened immune system, making them susceptible to illness or infection.
• ImmunocontraceptionContraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of contraceptive...
• ImmunogeneticsA subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response (immunity).
• ImmunogenicityIt is defined as the ability of a compound (antigen) to provoke an immune response.
• ImmunoinformaticsThe use of computational methods for the understanding of immunological data and problems.
• Immunologic diseasesDisorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated or both.
• Immunologic factorsBiologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.
• Immunologic memoryThe altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables...
• Immunologic receptorsCell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger...
• Immunological synapseThe interfaces between T-cells and antigen-presenting cells. Supramolecular organization of proteins takes...
• ImmunomodulationAlteration of the immune system or of an immune response by agents that activate or suppress its function...
• ImmunomodulatorsSubstances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the...
• ImmunophenotypingProcess of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process...
• ImmunosensorsAnalytical devices that use antibodies as the specific sensing element and detect concentration dependent...
• ImmunosuppressionThe specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It...
• ImmunotherapyA type of biological therapy that uses substances to stimulate or suppress the immune system to help the body...
• IMP dehydrogenaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of inosine 5'-phosphate to xanthosine 5'-phosphate in the...
• Implicit association testImplicit association test is one of the most influential measures of the unconscious attitudes. It measures...
• Import quotasA quantitative limit placed on the importation of specific commodities.
• Imprinting behaviorRapid learning or behavioral patterning that occurs at critical points in very early stages of animal...
• Impulse control disordersDisorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an...
• In chemico testsAbiotic assays that tests chemical reactivity without animal use.
• In situ conservationMaintenance or conservation of an organism or gene resource within its native environment.
• In situ hybridizationA technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or...
• In vitro cultureCulturing of cells, tissues etc. outside the living organisms or in an artificial environment.
• In vitro fertilizationA laboratory method where ova are placed in a medium to which spermatozoa are added for fertilization. The...
• In vitro studiesExperiments or tests done under controlled experimental conditions outside of the body, such as in a test...
• In vitro to in vivo extrapolationIn vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) can be broadly defined as an approach utilizing in vitro...
• In vivo studiesTests or evaluations performed within an intact, living organism such as a laboratory animal or humans.
• Inactivated vaccinesVaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or...
• InbreedingThe mating of plants or non-human animals which are closely related genetically.
• Inbreeding coefficientWhen parents are genetically related, the probability of homozygosity occurring because the individual has...
• Incandescent lampsA glass enclosure in which light is produced when a tungsten filament is electrically heated so that it...
• IncidenceThe rate at which a new event occurs at a given time.
• Incipient speciationAn evolutionary process of species formation during which species exhibit significant but incomplete...
• IncisingA pretreatment process in which incisions, slits, or perforations are made in the wood surface to increase...
• Inclusion bodiesA generic term for any circumscribed mass of foreign (e.g., lead or viruses) or metabolically inactive...
• Income elasticitiesRelationships between the amount of goods demanded as income grows (= % change in quantity / % change in...
• IndansAryl cyclopentanes that are a reduced (protonated) form of indenes.
• Indehiscent fruitsIndehiscent fruits do not open to release the seeds and related contents at maturity.
• IndenesA family of fused-ring hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar that act as intermediates in various chemical...
• Indeterminate growthPlant growth that continues at the apex, or tip, such as the continued flower development in indeterminate...
• Indicator speciesAny organism which by its presence or absence, its frequency or its vigor, indicates a particular property of...
• Indigenous peoplesPeople native to a particular area.
• Indigenous speciesSpecies that are native or naturally belonging to a particular geographic area or environment.
• Indirect contactA mode of exposure to a biological, chemical or physical agent involving vectors or fomites.
• Indole butyric acidA synthetic auxin widely used in horticulture to induce rooting of cuttings.
• Induced pluripotent stem cellsCells from adult organisms that have been reprogrammed into a pluripotential state similar to that of...
• Industrial cropsThose crops that are not specifically grown for foodstuffs (such as fruit crops, vegetable crops and grain...
• Industrial ecologyThe systematic study of material and energy flows in products, industrial processes, and economies focusing...
• Industrial food servicerestaurants, snack bars, cafes, etc. located at places of business for use, primarily, by their employees.
• Industrial symbiosisIndustrial symbiosis involves the flow of materials and energy through local and regional economies...
• Inedible offalAnimal byproducts primarily from meat and poultry plants, including blood, bone, feathers and viscera.
• InfarctionFormation of an infarct, which is necrosis in tissue due to local ischemia resulting from obstruction of...
• InfectionInvasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitisA herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the mucous membranes of the...
• Infectious bronchitis virusA species of Coronavirus causing infections in chickens and possibly pheasants. Chicks up to 4 weeks old are...
• Infectious bursal disease virusA species of Avibirnavirus causing severe inflammation of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens and other fowl...
• Infectious canine hepatitisA contagious disease caused by canine adenovirus (adenoviruses, canine) infecting the liver, the eye, the...
• Infectious disease incubation periodThe time from the moment of inoculation (exposure to the infecting organism) to the appearance of clinical...
• Infectious diseasesAn illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect...
• Inferior ovaryAn inferior ovary is one that is situated entirely below the point of attachment of the other floral parts in...
• Inferior vena cavaThe venous trunk which receives blood from the lower extremities and from the pelvic and abdominal organs.
• Infiltration (hydrology)The movement of water into the soil through pores or other openings, connoting flow into a soil in...
• Infiltration rateThe maximum rate at which the soil under various specified conditions (including the presence of an already...
• InflammasomesMultiprotein complexes that mediate the activation of caspase-1. Dysregulation of inflammasomes has also been...
• InflammationA pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and...
• InflorescencesThe flowering part of a plant, and especially the mode of its arrangement.
• InfluenzaAn acute, contagious viral infection caused by Orthomyxvoviridae and characterized by inflammation of the...
• Influenza vaccinesVaccines used for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral diseases caused by viruses in the family...
• InformationData in a context which gives it meaning; any statement or estimate of fact or opinion, regardless of form or...
• Information managementA set of activities with the goal of providing information, services, and facilities etc., presented in the...
• Information processingData processing largely performed by automatic means.
• Information technologyAny equipment or interconnected system that is used in the automatic acquistion, storage, manipulation...
• Information transparencyThe presentation of information so that it is openly available, accessible, comprehensive and clearly...
• Infrared radiationThat portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than...
• InfrastructureThe basic facilities, services, and structures needed for the functioning of a community, country or area...
• IngestionThe act of taking food, beverages or other substances into the body by mouth.
• Inhalation exposureContact between a physical, chemical or biological agent and an organism through the respiratory system.
• InhibinGlycoproteins that inhibit pituitary follicle stimulating hormone secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the...
• Inhibitory concentration 50The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells...
• Injection moldingThe process of manufacturing things by injecting moulding materials such as plastics, metals, glasses...
• Innate immunityThe capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from...
• Inner earThe essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and...
• Inoculation methodsVarious methods of applying microorganisms so that they will survive and grow on the chosen substrate...
• InoculumCollective term for microorganisms or their parts (spores, mycelial fragments, etc.) which are capable of...
• InosineA purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an...
• Input costsThe costs people pay to bring their product to a market.
• InquilinismA commensal relationship in which the inquiline species acts as a social parasite of the host species, often...
• Insect larvaeWingless feeding stage (following the egg) which undergoes metamorphosis to the next developmental stage in...
• Insect modelsInsects in which a biological phenomenon that resembles the same phenomenon in other insects or other species...
• Insect outbreaksA marked increase in the population of an insect pest.
• Insect pollinationPollination of flowers by insects.
• Insect resistanceResistance or tolerance of a host to insects.
• Insect sociobiologyincludes all aspects of communication and social organization of insects.
• Insect vectorsInsects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an...
• Insect virusesviruses that infect insect hosts.
• Insecticide resistanceThe development or selection of heritable traits (genes) in an insect population that allow individuals...
• InsecticidesPesticides that kill insects.
• InsectivoresAn organism (plant or animal) that mainly feeds on insects.
• Insertional mutagenesisMutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or...
• Inspectors (laboratory animal facilities)Animal welfare professionals who visit and evaluate animal research facilities to ensure that they are in...
• Instant foodsFoods in dried form that are ready to eat with the addition of water.
• InstrumentationThe use of instruments, devices, apparatus or other equipment for measurement, analysis, monitoring or...
• InsulinA 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly...
• Insulin receptor substrate proteinsA structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the insulin receptor...
• Insulin receptor-related receptorSimilar to the insulin receptor & insulin-like growth factor I receptor; receptor for insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II...
• Insulin receptorsA cell surface receptor for insulin. It comprises a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are...
• Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusA subtype of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden...
• Integrase inhibitorsCompounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of integrase.
• IntegrasesRecombinases that insert exogenous DNA into the host genome. Examples include proteins encoded by the POL...
• Integrated Approaches to Testing and AssessmentIntegrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) are flexible approaches for chemical safety assessment...
• Integrated pest managementA pest management strategy using a systematic approach in which pest populations are monitored to determine...
• InteinsThe internal fragments of precursor proteins (INternal proTEINS) that are autocatalytically removed by...
• Intellectual property rightsThe legal protection for inventions, including new technologies or new organisms (such as new plant...
• Intensive farmingA system of raising crops and animals, usually on small parcels of land, where a comparatively large amount...
• Intensive forestryUtilization of a wide variety of forest management and silvicultural techniques in order to maximize the...
• Interagency Risk Assessment ConsortiumAn association of representatives from federal agencies, institutes and centers who collectively work to...
• Intercellular adhesion molecule-1A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by...
• IntercroppingAny pattern of planting a plant in or near other plants.
• Interest (finance)The fee paid for the use of borrowed money, usually a percentage of the amount loaned.
• InterferometersInstruments for measuring distances or movements by means of the phenomena caused by the interference of two...
• InterferometryMeasurement of distances or movements by means of the phenomena caused by the interference of two rays of...
• Interferon regulatory factorsA family of transcription factors that share an N-terminal helix-turn-helix motif and bind...
• Interferon-alphaOne of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to...
• Interferon-betaOne of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus...
• Interferon-gammaThe major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated lymphocytes. It is structurally...
• InterferonsProteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance...
• Intergenic DNAAny of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions...
• Interior designThe practice of planning the design of interior spaces, including the arrangement of furnishings and other...
• interleukin-13A cytokine synthesized by T-lymphocytes that produces proliferation, immunoglobulin isotype switching, and...
• interleukin-1alphaAn interleukin-1 subtype that occurs as a membrane-bound pro-protein form that is cleaved by proteases to...
• interleukin-1betaAn interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic...
• interleukin-8Interleukin-8 is secreted by several cell types and is one of the major mediators of the inflammatory...
• Interlibrary loansCopies or original works acquired from cooperating institutions on request.
• Intermediate filament proteinsFilaments 7-11 nm in diameter found in the cytoplasm of all cells. Many specific proteins belong to this...
• Intermediate filamentsCytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the...
• Intermediate flowAn input to or output from a unit process which requires further transformation to become a product flow.
• Intermediate hostsIn a parasite's life cycle, it is a host organism in which a parasite undergoes a stage of asexual...
• Intermediate productUnit process output which requires additional transformation as a contribution to a product flow.
• Intermountain West regionThe inland area from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada and Cascades mountains and from southern Canada...
• Internal browningInternal browning is a low-temperature storage disorder of some fruits/vegetables which develops when they...
• Internal ribosome entry sitesSequences within messenger RNA that enable protein translation initiation independent of 5' capped RNA.
• Internal transcribed spacersA sequence region of non-functional RNA located between structural ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) on a precursor...
• International Organization for StandardizationWorldwide organization consisting of a network of the national standards institutes of countries formed to...
• InternetA loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the...
• Internet of thingsNetworking capability which facilitates information flow to and from objects and devices using the internet.
• Interneuronssmall neuron interposed between afferent and efferent neurons or between any two neurons.
• InterphaseThe interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually...
• Interrow tillageTillage between the rows of growing plants
• Interspecies dose conversionThe process of extrapolating from animal doses to human equivalent doses.
• Interspersed repetitive sequencesCopies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often...
• Interstitial cystitisA condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the urinary bladder and the surrounding pelvic region...
• Intestinal absorptionUptake of substances through the lining of the intestines.
• Intestinal mucosaThe epithelial membrane that lines the intestines, producing mucus at its free border.
• Intestinal obstructionAny impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of intestinal contents toward the anal canal.
• Intestinal secretionsFluids originating from the epithelial lining of the intestines, adjoining exocrine glands and from organs...
• Intestinal volvulusAbnormal twisting or displacement of the intestines causing intestinal obstruction.
• IntineThe inner wall of a pollen grain or spore.
• Intracellular enzymesThose enzymes that are synthesized and function intracellularly.
• Intracellular signaling peptides and proteinsProteins and peptides that are involved in signal transduction within the cell. Included here are peptides...
• Intracranial injectionThe introduction of drugs, chemicals, or pathogens directly into the brain using a hypodermic needle.
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injectionAn assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an...
• IntragenesisThe process of transferring gene or genes of interest between organisms of same species or between crossable...
• Intrahepatic cholestasisImpairment of bile flow due to injury to the hepatocytes; bile canaliculi; or the intrahepatic bile ducts...
• Intraocular injectionThe administration of substances into the eye with a hypodermic syringe.
• Intrathecal injectionThe administration of a substance with a needle through the theca (sheath) of the spinal cord into the...
• Intravenous fluid therapyAdministering fluid through an intravenous catheter to restore the body's fluid volume and electrolyte...
• Intraventricular injectionInjections into the cerebral ventricles.
• Intravitreal injectionThe administration of substances into the vitreous body of the eye with a hypodermic syringe.
• Intrinsic factorsA glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin B12...
• Introduced speciesSpecies that were intentionally or unintentionally brought by humans into a new geographic area or...
• IntrogressionThe incorporation of genes of one species, which is not completely reproductively isolated, into the gene...
• IntronsSequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the exons. They are transcribed along with the exons...
• Invasive speciesInvasive species are those plants, animals, and microbes not native to a region which, when introduced either...
• Invertebrate virusesviruses that infect invertebrate hosts.
• InvertebratesAnimals lacking spinal column.
• IodatesInorganic salts of iodic acid (HIO3).
• Iodide peroxidaseA hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of...
• Iodine valueIn rendering, a measure of the chemical unsaturation of the fat expressed as the number of grams of iodine...
• IodobenzenesAny derivative of benzene that contains iodine.
• Ion channelsGated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ion channel gating can be due to...
• Ion exchangeReversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of the ion exchange resins, and a fluid whereby ions...
• Ion exchange chromatographySeparation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain...
• Ionic liquidsSalts that melt below 100 C. Their low volatilization can be an advantage over volatile organic solvents.
• IonizationThe process whereby a neutral atom or molecule becomes negatively or positively charged by acquiring or...
• IonomeThe mineral nutrient and trace element composition of an organism.
• IonomicsThe study of the total elemental composition of an organism.
• IonophoresChemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions...
• IrelandAn island surrounded by the North Atlantic, Irish and Celtic Seas, comprised of Northern Ireland (part of the...
• IridovirusA genus of Iridoviridae comprising small iridescent insect viruses. The infected larvae and purified virus...
• Iris (eyes)The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists...
• Iron overloadAn excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the...
• IrrigationApplication of water to soil for the purpose of plant production.
• Irritable bowel syndromeA disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is...
• IschemiaA hypoperfusion of the blood through an organ or tissue caused by a pathologic constriction or obstruction of...
• IschiumOne of three bones that make up the coxal bone of the pelvic girdle. In tetrapods, it is the part of the...
• Islets of LangerhansIrregular microscopic structures, consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the...
• Isoelectric focusingElectrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach...
• Isoelectric pointThe pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum.
• IsofluraneA stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.
• Isogenic linesLines which differ genetically at only one or a few loci. Homozygous lines, clones, and identical twins are...
• IsolectotypesAny duplicate specimen of the lectotype.
• IsomaltuloseA reducing disaccharide and isomer of sucrose composed of one glucose and one fructose moiety via an...
• IsomerizationThe phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds...
• Isotope labelingA method that results in the incorporation of an isotope into a molecule of interest.
• Isotope separationThe process of separating isotopes from one another, or changing their relative abundances, as by gaseous...
• IsotopesDifferent forms of a single element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in...
• Isotopic enrichmentA process by which the relative abundance of the isotopes of a given element are altered, thus producing a...
• IsotropyThe condition in which the properties of interest (generally hydraulic properties of the aquifer) are the...
• IsozymesStructurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but...
• Issues and policyA definite course or method of action selected by a governmental agency, institution, group or individual...

235 of 6,798 terms in Agriculture and food terminology (MLC-0114). Request the full dataset.