Chemistry terminology · MLC-0109

Chemistry terms: I (759)

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• Intrinsic examination standardAn examination standard whose reference value comes from a reproducible inherent characteristic of a...
• Intrinsic factorA glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach lining that binds to vitamin B12, also known as...
• Intrinsic full energy peak efficiencyA measure of a radiation detector's ability to convert incident gamma-ray photons into a full-energy peak...
• Intrinsic pathwayThe mitochondrial route to apoptosis, triggered from inside the cell by stresses such as DNA damage, hypoxia...
• Intrinsic photopeak efficiencyThe probability that a photon of a specific energy, upon entering the sensitive volume of a detector, will...
• Intrinsic plasmonA plasmon created simultaneously with, and at the same location as, the emission of a core-level...
• Intrinsic rate of growthThe maximum potential rate at which a population can increase under ideal environmental conditions, with...
• Intrinsic rate of increaseThe maximum potential rate at which a population can grow under ideal environmental conditions with unlimited...
• Intrinsic reaction coordinateThe minimum energy path connecting reactants to products through a transition state on a potential energy...
• Intrinsic semiconductorA semiconductor material in its purest form, where the number of charge carriers (electrons and holes) is...
• Intrinsic solubilityThe equilibrium solubility of the un-ionized form of a compound in a given solvent, typically water, at a...
• Intrinsic viscosityThe limiting value of the reduced viscosity of a polymer solution as the polymer concentration approaches...
• Intrinsically conducting polymerA polymer made of macromolecules with fully conjugated sequences of double bonds, which conducts electricity...
• IntronA non-coding sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) within a gene that is transcribed into messenger RNA...
• In-tube solid-phase microextractionA microextraction technique where the inner surface of a capillary tube is coated with a sorbent material...
• Invariant chainA non-polymorphic protein that associates with newly synthesized major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class...
• Inverse agonistA ligand that binds to the same receptor site as an agonist but produces an opposite pharmacological effect...
• Inverse BremsstrahlungThe absorption of electromagnetic radiation by free electrons in the presence of an ion, where the electron...
• Inverse emulsion polymerisationA type of emulsion polymerization where the monomer is dispersed as droplets in a continuous organic phase...
• Inverse isotope effectA phenomenon where a reaction involving a heavier isotope proceeds faster than the same reaction involving a...
• Inverse latexA nonaqueous latex whose continuous phase is an organic liquid and whose dispersed particles are hydrophilic...
• Inverse micro-emulsion polymerisationA type of polymerization where a water-soluble monomer is polymerized within the aqueous phase of a...
• Inverse mini-emulsion polymerisationA polymerization process where a water-soluble monomer is dispersed as submicrometer droplets in a continuous...
• Inverse opalA three-dimensional porous material with a highly ordered, interconnected network of voids, formed by...
• Inverse Raman scatteringA nonlinear optical phenomenon where a strong pump beam and a weaker probe beam interact with a sample...
• Inverse spatially offset Raman spectroscopyA variant of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy that illuminates the sample with a ring-shaped laser pattern...
• Inverse square lawA physical principle stating that the intensity of a quantity radiating from a point source decreases in...
• InversionThe reversal of configuration at a stereocenter, which gives the enantiomer when it is the only center. It...
• Inversion heightThe altitude at which an atmospheric temperature inversion layer begins, marking the boundary above which the...
• Inversion layerA thin region at the surface of a semiconductor where the type of majority charge carriers is inverted...
• Inversion pointThe specific temperature at which a reversible polymorphic transition occurs between two crystalline forms of...
• Inversion pulseA radiofrequency pulse in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy that rotates the bulk magnetization...
• Inversion recovery sequenceA nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulse sequence that begins with a 180-degree inversion pulse, followed by...
• Inversion timeThe delay period between the 180° inversion pulse and the subsequent 90° excitation pulse in an inversion...
• Inverted core-shell particleA type of multicomponent particle consisting of a core and a shell, where the material typically found in the...
• Inverted micelleA type of micelle formed in nonpolar solvents, where the polar head groups of surfactant molecules are...
• Inverted regionA regime in electron transfer reactions where increasing the exergonicity (driving force) of the reaction...
• Investigational new drugA new drug or biological product that has not yet been approved by a regulatory authority for marketing but...
• In-vivo neutron activation analysisA non-invasive analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of living biological tissues...
• Iodine-transfer polymerizationA type of reversible-deactivation radical polymerization that uses an iodine-containing compound as a...
• IonAn atom or molecule that has acquired a net electrical charge due to the loss or gain of one or more...
• Ion beamA directed flow of charged atoms or molecules moving in a specific direction, typically within a vacuum. The...
• Ion beam analysisA collection of analytical techniques that probe the elemental composition and structure of materials by...
• Ion beam resistA polymeric material designed to undergo a chemical or physical change upon exposure to an ion beam, enabling...
• Ion channelopathyA disease or disorder caused by a dysfunction in ion channels, which are proteins that regulate the flow of...
• Ion collectorA component within an analytical instrument, such as a mass spectrometer or ion mobility spectrometer...
• Ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometerA type of mass spectrometer that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions by trapping them in a magnetic...
• Ion desolvationThe removal of solvent molecules from a solvated ion to form a bare, gas-phase ion. This process is a key...
• Ion energy loss spectraA plot of the number of ions as a function of the kinetic energy they have lost during inelastic collisions...
• Ion enhancementAn increase in the observed signal intensity of an analyte ion in mass spectrometry due to the presence of...
• Ion evaporation modelA theoretical model describing the mechanism of ion formation in electrospray ionization, particularly for...
• Ion exchangeA reversible chemical process in which ions from a solution are exchanged for ions of similar charge that are...
• Ion exchangerA material, typically a resin, that is capable of reversibly exchanging its own mobile ions with ions of...
• Ion funnelA device used in mass spectrometry to efficiently guide and focus ions from a high-pressure region to a...
• Ion gateA device in a mass spectrometer that controls the transmission of ions by applying a pulsed electric...
• Ion implantationA process in which ions are accelerated in an electric field and directed into a solid material, altering its...
• Ion kinetic energy spectrumA plot showing the distribution of ion abundance as a function of the translational kinetic energy per unit...
• Ion laserA type of continuous-wave gas laser in which the gain medium is a plasma of noble gas ions, such as argon or...
• Ion microscopyA surface analysis technique that uses a focused beam of primary ions to sputter material from a sample...
• Ion mobility spectrometryA technique that separates gas-phase ions according to how quickly they move through a neutral gas when an...
• Ion opticsThe system of electrostatic or magnetic fields designed to control the trajectories of ions in a vacuum...
• Ion pairAn association between a cation and an anion in solution, held together by electrostatic forces, without...
• Ion pair returnA process in which an ion pair, formed as an intermediate in a chemical reaction, reverts to the starting...
• Ion probe microanalysisA surface analysis technique that uses a focused beam of primary ions to sputter material from a solid...
• Ion pumpsProteins embedded within a biological membrane that actively transport ions against their electrochemical...
• Ion scattering spectrometryA surface analysis technique where a beam of noble gas ions, typically helium or neon, is directed at a solid...
• Ion sourceA device that generates ions for use in mass spectrometry, particle accelerators, or other applications...
• Ion suppressionA phenomenon in mass spectrometry where the signal intensity of an analyte ion is reduced due to the presence...
• Ion trapA device that confines ions in a defined region of space using electric or magnetic fields. Ions are stored...
• Ion trap mass spectrometerA mass spectrometer in which ions are confined in a three-dimensional quadrupole radiofrequency electric...
• Ion-conducting polymerA polymer that exhibits electrical conductivity through the transport of ions, which act as the primary...
• IoneneA polymer whose macromolecules carry ionic groups within the main chain itself, most commonly quaternary...
• Ion-exchange chromatographyA chromatographic separation technique that separates ions and polar molecules based on their reversible...
• Ion-exchange isothermA graphical representation showing the equilibrium distribution of an ion between a stationary ion-exchange...
• Ion-exchange polymerA polymeric material containing ionizable functional groups that can reversibly exchange their mobile ions...
• Ion-exchange sorbentA material, typically a resin or gel, containing charged functional groups that can reversibly bind ions from...
• Ion-exclusion chromatographyA chromatographic technique that separates ionic and non-ionic species based on their differential exclusion...
• Ion-free layerAn interphase at an interface such as an electrode surface in which the only ions present are...
• Ionic aggregates in an ionomerRegions within an ionomer where ionic groups cluster together due to electrostatic interactions, forming...
• Ionic bondAn electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed when one or more electrons are...
• Ionic cloudA cloud of free analyte ions in the gas phase, such as that produced when a sample is atomized and ionized in...
• Ionic conductivityFor an ionic species B, the quantity defined as the absolute charge number times the Faraday constant times...
• Ionic copolymerizationA copolymerization process where the active centers on the growing polymer chains are ions, either...
• Ionic dissociationThe decomposition of an ion into an ion of lower mass plus one or more neutral species, as when a molecular...
• Ionic liquidA salt that exists in the liquid state at a temperature below a specified reference point, conventionally 100...
• Ionic mole fractionFor an ionized salt in solution, the amount of one of its ions divided by the total amount of all species...
• Ionic polymerA macromolecule that contains ionic groups, either as part of the main chain or as pendant groups. These...
• Ionic polymerizationA chain polymerization whose propagating species are ions or ion pairs, which in practice means carbocations...
• Ionic ring-opening polymerizationA type of ring-opening polymerization where the cyclic monomer is opened and polymerized through an ionic...
• Ionic strengthA measure of the total concentration of ions in a solution, taking into account the charge of each ion. It is...
• Ionic transport numberThe fraction of the total electric current carried by a particular ionic species in an electrolyte solution...
• Ion/ion reactionA process in mass spectrometry where gas-phase ions of one polarity react with gas-phase ions of the opposite...
• IonizationThe process by which an atom, molecule, or group of atoms acquires a net electrical charge, either positive...
• Ionization bufferA substance, usually an easily ionized element such as caesium or potassium, added in excess to samples and...
• Ionization by sputteringA process where ions are generated from a solid surface by bombarding it with a beam of energetic primary...
• Ionization chamberA gas-filled detector used to measure ionizing radiation by collecting the ions and electrons produced when...
• Ionization cross-sectionA measure of the probability that an atom or molecule will be ionized by an incident particle or photon. It...
• Ionization efficiencyA figure for electron or photon ionization obtained by dividing the count of ions formed by the count of...
• Ionization efficiency curveA graph of how many ions of a given mass form, plotted against the kinetic energy of the ionizing electrons...
• Ionization energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule in its ground state to...
• Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1A protein expressed specifically in microglial cells and macrophages that is involved in the inflammatory...
• Ionizing collisionAn interaction between particles, such as atoms, molecules, or electrons, that results in the removal of one...
• Ionizing powerA quantitative measure of a solvent's ability to promote the formation of ions from a covalent substrate. It...
• Ionizing radiationAny form of radiation, consisting of either particles or electromagnetic waves, that carries sufficient...
• Ionizing voltageThe electrical potential difference applied across an ionization source to impart sufficient energy to atoms...
• Ion/molecule reactionA chemical process occurring in the gas phase where a charged species, either a cation or an anion, interacts...
• Ion/neutral complexA transient species formed by the non-covalent association of an ion and a neutral molecule. This complex is...
• Ion/neutral species exchange reactionA type of ion/molecule reaction where an atom or group of atoms is transferred between an ion and a neutral...
• Ion/neutral species reactionA chemical process involving a collision between an ion and a neutral atom or molecule, resulting in a change...
• Ionogenic groupsFunctional groups within a molecule or on a material that can dissociate to form ions, typically by gaining...
• IonomerA polymer containing a relatively small proportion of ionic groups, typically less than 15 mol%, covalently...
• Ionomer clusterA region within an ionomer where multiple ionic groups, along with their counterions, aggregate together due...
• Ionomer moleculeA macromolecule that contains a small number of ionic groups covalently attached to its polymer backbone...
• Ionomer multipletA small, localized association of a few ionic groups and their counterions within an ionomer, typically...
• IonophoreA lipid-soluble molecule that facilitates the transport of ions across a lipid membrane. Ionophores bind to...
• Ionotropic receptorA type of receptor that forms an ion channel pore, allowing ions to flow directly across the cell membrane...
• Ion-pair chromatographyA chromatographic technique that separates ionic or ionizable compounds by forming neutral ion pairs with a...
• Ion-pair extractionA liquid-liquid extraction technique where an ionizable analyte in an aqueous phase forms an electrically...
• Ion-pair formationAn ionization event in mass spectrometry in which one molecule yields both a cationic and an anionic...
• Ion-scattering spectrumA plot of the intensity of scattered ions as a function of their kinetic energy, obtained from an ion...
• Ion-selective electrodeAn electrochemical sensor that responds selectively to the activity of a specific ion in a solution by...
• Ion-selective electrode cellAn electrochemical cell constructed for the potentiometric measurement of a specific ion's activity in a...
• Ion-selective field effect transistorA type of field-effect transistor where the metal gate electrode is replaced by an ion-selective membrane...
• Ion-selective membraneA semi-permeable barrier that preferentially allows the passage of specific ions while restricting others...
• Ion-to-photon detectorA detector in which incoming ions hit a conversion dynode and knock out secondary electrons, which are...
• Ipso-attackThe attack of a reagent at a ring carbon of an aromatic compound that already bears a substituent other than...
• IridoidsA class of monoterpenoids characterized by a cyclopentanopyran skeleton, which is derived from the...
• Iron-sulfur proteinsA class of proteins whose redox centres are non-haem iron atoms held by cysteine sulfur, usually together...
• IrradianceThe radiant power at any wavelength falling on a small patch of surface from the whole hemisphere above it...
• IrradiationThe process of exposing a material or object to radiation, typically ionizing radiation, for a specific...
• Irregular adjacent re-entry modelA model of chain folding in a lamellar polymer crystal in which each chain re-enters the crystal at an...
• Irregular dendrimerA dendrimer made from more than one type of regular dendron, or containing at least one irregular dendron...
• Irregular dendrimer moleculeA macromolecule with a highly branched, tree-like structure where the dendrons emanating from the core or...
• Irregular dendronA branched polymeric arm or segment that emanates from a central core or a branching point in a dendrimer...
• Irregular macromoleculeA macromolecule whose constitutional units are not all identical, or if identical, are not arranged in a...
• Irregular polymerA polymer whose molecules cannot be described by a single regular repeating unit. This arises when the...
• Irreversible alterationA change in a biological system or organism that cannot be reversed or repaired, leading to permanent damage...
• Irreversible transitionA phase transition that cannot be reversed by simply changing the external conditions, such as temperature or...
• IrritantA substance that produces a reversible inflammatory effect on living tissues, such as skin or mucous...
• IRTRAN™A trade name of Eastman Kodak for a family of hot-pressed polycrystalline infrared optical materials...
• Irwin batteryA standardized set of observational tests used in neurotoxicology to create a profile of a substance's...
• ISCAn abbreviation for intersystem crossing, a non-radiative transition between electronic states of different...
• IschemiaA condition characterized by an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, leading to a...
• ISIS keysA set of predefined structural fragments or patterns used to represent chemical structures in a binary format...
• Islet cell antibodiesAutoantibodies directed against components of the pancreatic islet cells, particularly the beta cells that...
• IsobarA line on a weather map connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure at a given time or average period...
• Isobaric mass-change determinationA thermogravimetric technique where the sample's mass change is monitored while maintaining a constant...
• Isobaric separationA chromatographic separation carried out with constant inlet and outlet pressures, so that the pressure drop...
• Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitationA chemical reagent used in quantitative proteomics to label peptides from different samples. These tags are...
• Isobars, see Isobar
• Isobole approachA graphical method for judging how two agents act together in a mixture, by plotting the dose pairs that...
• Isoclinic pointA point in a family of absorption spectra, recorded as a reaction or titration proceeds, where every curve...
• Isoconjugate systemsMolecular entities whose conjugated pi networks have the same topology and the same number of pi electrons...
• IsocoumarinsBenzo-fused six-membered lactones of the 1H-isochromen-1-one type, in which the carbonyl carbon is attached...
• Isocratic analysisA chromatographic separation carried out with a mobile phase whose composition is held fixed from injection...
• Isocratic elutionA mode of liquid chromatography in which the solvent mixture flowing through the column keeps the same...
• IsocyanidesOrganic compounds containing the isocyanide functional group (-N≡C), where the carbon atom is formally...
• Isocyclic compoundsOrganic compounds that contain one or more closed rings of atoms, where all the atoms forming the ring...
• Isodesmic reactionA hypothetical chemical reaction in which the number of bonds of a given type is conserved on both sides of...
• IsodiazenesCompounds of the type R2N+=N-, in which both substituents sit on one nitrogen and the other nitrogen carries...
• Isodirectional packingThe packing in a crystal of chains that have a direction along the axis, such as head-to-tail vinyl polymers...
• IsoelectricDescribing a state where a surface or colloidal particle has no net electric charge. This condition occurs at...
• Isoelectric focusingA high-resolution electrophoretic technique that separates proteins or peptides based on their isoelectric...
• Isoelectric pointThe specific pH at which a particular molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge. For amphoteric...
• IsoelectronicDescribing species that have matching valence-electron counts and matching structures, that is the same...
• Isoemissive pointA specific wavelength in a series of emission spectra where the emission intensity of two or more species is...
• IsoentropicRelating to a chemical reaction or a set of reactions for which the entropy of activation is the same. This...
• Isoequilibrium relationshipA linear relationship observed between the enthalpy and entropy changes for a series of related equilibrium...
• IsoflavansA subclass of flavonoids characterized by a C6-C3-C6 carbon skeleton where the B-ring is attached at the C3...
• IsoflavonesA class of flavonoids characterized by a 3-phenylchromen-4-one skeleton, meaning the phenyl group is attached...
• IsograftA tissue or organ transplant between genetically identical individuals, such as identical twins or highly...
• Isogyric reactionAny reaction whose reactants and products contain equal numbers of electron pairs, so the total number of...
• IsohemagglutininAn antibody that causes agglutination of red blood cells from other individuals of the same species. These...
• IsoionicDescribing a solution of an ampholytic substance, such as a protein or polyelectrolyte, that contains only...
• Isoionic pointThe specific pH value at which a pure, salt-free amphoteric substance, such as a protein, carries a net...
• Isokinetic lineA line on a map or chart joining points of equal wind speed, also called an isotach or isovel. Such lines...
• Isokinetic relationshipA linear relationship observed between the activation enthalpy and activation entropy for a series of related...
• Isokinetic samplingA method of collecting particulate matter from a moving gas stream, such as a stack or duct, where the...
• Isolampsic pointA specific wavelength in a series of luminescence spectra where the luminescence intensity of two or more...
• Isolated double bondsTwo or more carbon-carbon double bonds within a molecule that are separated from each other by at least two...
• IsolobalDescribing molecular fragments that possess the same number of frontier orbitals of identical symmetry...
• IsomerA molecular entity that has the same molecular formula as another molecular entity but a different...
• Isomer shiftA shift in the energy of nuclear transitions observed in Mössbauer spectroscopy, caused by differences in the...
• IsomerasesA class of enzymes that catalyze the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule, converting one isomer into...
• IsomericRelating to compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of their atoms...
• Isomeric stateAn excited nuclear state with a measurable lifetime, significantly longer than that of ordinary excited...
• Isomeric transitionA radioactive decay process where an excited nucleus in an isomeric state de-excites to a lower energy state...
• IsomerismThe phenomenon where two or more compounds possess the same molecular formula but exhibit different...
• IsomerizationA chemical process in which a molecule is transformed into another molecule with the same atoms but a...
• IsometricDescribing a pair of molecular entities that coincide exactly when overlaid, or that coincide after one is...
• Isomorphic polymer blendA polymer blend where the component polymers can co-crystallize to form a single crystalline phase, meaning...
• Isomorphous polymer co-crystalA crystalline phase formed by two or more different polymers that can co-crystallize, meaning they share a...
• Isomorphous structuresChains in a polymer crystal that have identical chirality and conformation, such as two helices of isotactic...
• Isooptoacoustic pointA specific wavelength or frequency in a series of optoacoustic spectra where the optoacoustic signal of two...
• IsoplethA line on a phase diagram that connects points representing systems with a constant overall composition. It...
• Isopotential pointFor an ion-selective electrode cell, the one activity of the measured ion at which the cell emf stays the...
• Isopycnic separationA chromatographic separation, defined in the nomenclature of supercritical fluid chromatography, run while...
• IsorefractiveDescribing two or more substances that possess the same refractive index. When a polymer and a solvent are...
• Isosbestic pointA specific wavelength at which the molar absorptivity of two or more components in a chemical system is...
• Isoselective relationshipA linear relationship observed when the selectivity of a reaction or process is plotted against a varying...
• IsoselenocyanatesOrganic compounds of the type RN=C=Se, in which selenium replaces the oxygen of an isocyanate or the sulfur...
• Isostatic pressingA materials processing method where a powdered or porous preform is compacted by applying uniform pressure...
• Isosteric enthalpy of adsorptionThe differential enthalpy of adsorption at a constant amount of adsorbed substance. This thermodynamic...
• Isostilbic pointA wavelength at which the total luminescence intensity of a system remains constant, even as the...
• Isostructural reactionA chemical reaction where the overall molecular structure, including the connectivity and arrangement of...
• Isotactic macromoleculeA macromolecule in which all the configurational repeating units have identical configurations at their...
• Isotactic polymerA polymer composed of isotactic macromolecules, meaning all the configurational repeating units along the...
• IsothermA line on a chart or map connecting points of equal temperature at a given time or averaged over a period...
• Isothermal chromatographyA chromatographic procedure performed at a constant column temperature throughout the entire separation...
• Isothermal crystallisationThe process where a polymer material crystallizes at a constant temperature. This occurs when a molten...
• Isothermal techniqueA method of thermal analysis where the temperature of the sample is held constant while a property of the...
• IsothiocyanatesOrganic compounds characterized by the functional group -N=C=S, where a nitrogen atom is double-bonded to a...
• IsotonesNuclides that possess the same number of neutrons but differ in their atomic number (number of protons) and...
• IsotonicDescribing a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as another solution, typically a biological fluid...
• Isotope clusterA group of peaks observed in a mass spectrum that correspond to a single ion species containing different...
• Isotope coded affinity tagA chemical reagent used in quantitative proteomics to label cysteine-containing peptides from different...
• Isotope dilutionAn analytical technique where a known amount of a substance, enriched with a specific isotope, is added to a...
• Isotope dilution analysisA quantitative analytical method for determining the concentration of a substance by adding a known amount of...
• Isotope dilution mass spectrometryA highly accurate quantitative analytical technique that combines the principle of isotope dilution with mass...
• Isotope effectA difference in the rate or equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction when one or more atoms in the...
• Isotope exchangeA chemical reaction in which an atom in a chemical entity is replaced by an isotope of the same element from...
• Isotope exchange analysisA quantitative analytical technique based on the exchange of isotopes between a labeled compound and an...
• Isotope patternThe characteristic distribution of isotopic peaks observed in a mass spectrum for a molecule containing...
• Isotope ratioThe relative abundance of one isotope of a chemical element compared to another isotope of the same element...
• Isotope ratio mass spectrometryA specialized mass spectrometry technique designed to precisely measure the relative abundances of different...
• IsotopesAtoms of the same chemical element that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but differ in the...
• Isotopic abundanceThe proportion of atoms of one isotope among all the atoms of an element in a given mixture, written as a...
• Isotopic carrierA stable, non-radioactive isotope of an element added to a sample containing a trace amount of a radioactive...
• Isotopic discriminationThe preferential incorporation or exclusion of certain isotopes of an element during physical, chemical, or...
• Isotopic enrichmentThe process of increasing the relative abundance of a specific isotope of an element in a sample beyond its...
• Isotopic enrichment factorA quantitative measure of the effectiveness of a separation process in increasing the relative abundance of a...
• Isotopic fractionation factorThe ratio of the isotopic ratios of a specific element in two different substances or phases at equilibrium...
• Isotopic ionAn ion that differs from another ion only by the isotopic composition of one or more of its constituent...
• Isotopic labelAn atom within a molecule that has been replaced by one of its isotopes, typically a stable or radioactive...
• Isotopic labellingThe technique of incorporating a specific isotope, either stable or radioactive, into a molecule or material...
• Isotopic molecular ionA molecular ion that contains one or more atoms of a less abundant naturally occurring isotope, such as...
• Isotopic scramblingThe redistribution of isotopes within a molecule or between molecules during a chemical reaction or physical...
• Isotopic separationThe process of separating isotopes of the same element from each other, typically to increase the...
• Isotopic tracerA substance containing an atom that has been replaced by one of its isotopes, either stable or radioactive...
• Isotopically enriched ionsIons that have a higher abundance of a specific isotope than its natural isotopic abundance. These ions are...
• Isotopically labelledDescribing a compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a specific isotope of the same...
• Isotopically modifiedA chemical substance in which the isotopic composition of one or more elements deviates from the natural...
• Isotopically substitutedDescribing a compound in which one or more atoms of a specific element have been replaced by a different...
• Isotopically unmodifiedA chemical substance where the isotopic composition of its constituent elements is within the range of...
• Isotopolog ionsIons of one chemical species that differ from each other only in how many of their atoms are heavier or...
• IsotopologueA molecular entity that differs from another only in the isotopic composition of its constituent atoms. For...
• IsotopomerMolecules with identical isotopic content, the same count of each isotope, that differ only in where the...
• Isotopomeric ionIsomeric ions with the same count of every isotopic atom, differing only in the positions the isotopic atoms...
• IsotretinoinA synthetic retinoid, a derivative of vitamin A, primarily used to treat severe acne that has not responded...
• IsotropicDescribing a material or system whose physical properties are identical in all directions. This uniformity...
• Isotropic carbonA monolithic carbon material whose crystallites have no preferred orientation, so conductivity, thermal...
• Isotropic pitch-based carbon fibresCarbon fibers produced from isotropic pitch precursors, which do not exhibit a high degree of molecular...
• Isotropisation temperatureThe temperature at which an anisotropic material, such as a liquid crystal polymer, transitions to an...
• IsotypeA class or subclass of immunoglobulin molecules defined by differences in the constant region of their heavy...
• Isotype controlAn antibody of the same immunoglobulin class, subclass, and light chain type as a primary antibody, but...
• Isotype switchA process in B lymphocytes where the constant region of the antibody heavy chain is changed from one isotype...
• IsoureasOrganic compounds characterized by the general structure R-O-C(=NR')-NR''R''', where R, R', R'', and R'''...
• IsozymeDifferent forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ in their amino acid sequence, and...
• Itai-itai diseaseA chronic and painful bone disease caused by severe cadmium poisoning, characterized by osteomalacia, kidney...
• Iteroparous speciesA species that reproduces multiple times over the course of its lifespan, rather than a single reproductive...

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