Chemistry terminology · MLC-0109

Chemistry terms: C (1,366)

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Continuous measuring cellThe part of an analyser in which the measurement is made, built to operate without interruption while a...
Continuous operationA mode of analytical instrument function where samples are introduced and processed without interruption...
Continuous performance testA neuropsychological assessment designed to measure sustained and selective attention, impulsivity, and...
Continuous phaseThe medium in a dispersed system that surrounds and suspends the dispersed phase, forming a continuous...
Continuous precipitationThe formation of a new solid phase from a supersaturated solid solution where the composition of both the...
Continuous scan interferometerAn optical instrument that measures the interference pattern produced by splitting a beam of light and...
Continuous wave laserA laser that emits a continuous beam of light, as opposed to pulsed operation. The output power remains...
Continuous-flow cellA specialized sample holder designed for spectroscopic measurements where the sample continuously flows...
Continuous-flow fast atom bombardmentA variant of fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry where the sample is continuously introduced into...
Continuous-flow matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionizationA variant of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) where the sample, dissolved in a matrix...
Continuous-phase concentrationThe amount of a specific component, such as monomer or initiator, dissolved or dispersed within the...
ContinuumA model in which a system's properties are considered to be smoothly varying functions of position and time...
Continuum sourceA light source that emits electromagnetic radiation over a broad, continuous range of wavelengths, rather...
Contour lengthThe length of a linear chain stretched to its limit, measured between its two ends; for a single-strand...
ContraceptiveA chemical substance, device, or method used to prevent pregnancy. Chemical contraceptives, such as hormonal...
Contract research organisationAn enterprise that provides outsourced research and development services on a contract basis, primarily to...
ContractureA lasting shortening and stiffening of a muscle, tendon, or other soft tissue that restricts movement of the...
ContraindicationA specific condition or factor that makes the use of a particular medication, procedure, or treatment...
ContrastThe steepness of a resist's response to exposure dose, showing how sharply it separates exposed from...
Contrast curveA graphical representation showing the normalized remaining resist thickness as a function of the logarithm...
Contrast mediumA substance introduced into the body to enhance the visibility of internal structures during medical imaging...
Contributing structureA hypothetical Lewis structure that represents one possible electron arrangement within a molecule or ion...
ControlA standard of comparison used in an experiment to minimize the effects of variables other than the...
Control chartA graph used to monitor how a process changes over time by plotting data points in a time-ordered sequence...
Control groupA group of subjects in an experiment or study that does not receive the treatment or intervention being...
Control limitA boundary on a control chart, typically set at plus or minus three standard deviations from the central...
Control materialA stable substance with known characteristics, used to monitor the performance of an analytical measurement...
Control sampleA sample with a known or assigned value that is analyzed alongside unknown samples to assess the accuracy and...
Controlled anionic polymerizationAn anionic polymerization process where the active chain ends remain viable for extended periods, allowing...
Controlled atmosphereAn environment where the composition of the gaseous mixture, particularly oxygen, carbon dioxide, and...
Controlled cationic polymerizationA type of chain polymerization where the growth of polymer chains proceeds via cationic active centers, but...
Controlled deliveryThe release of an active substance from a polymer system at a predetermined rate, for a specific duration...
Controlled ionic polymerizationA polymerization method involving ionic active centers (cations or anions) where chain growth proceeds with...
Controlled polymerizationA polymerization in which some kinetic feature, such as the rate of initiation, or some structural feature of...
Controlled radical polymerizationA class of radical polymerization techniques that enable the synthesis of polymers with predetermined...
Controlled releaseThe regulated delivery of a substance, such as a drug or chemical, at a predetermined rate over an extended...
Controlled temperature programA predetermined sequence of temperature changes applied to a sample during a thermal analysis experiment...
Controlled-rate thermal analysisA thermal analysis technique where the rate of change of a sample property, such as mass or enthalpy, is kept...
Controlled-release dosage formA pharmaceutical preparation designed to deliver a drug at a predetermined rate over an extended period...
ConvectionThe transfer of heat or mass within a fluid (liquid or gas) through the movement of the fluid itself. This...
Convenience sampleA subset of a population selected because of its ready availability or ease of access, rather than through a...
Conventional dendritic cellA major subtype of dendritic cells specialized in processing and presenting antigens to initiate adaptive...
Conventional massA standardized value for the mass of an object, defined as the mass of a reference weight of density 8000...
Conventional nominal property valueA value assigned to a nominal property by convention, often for calibration or reference purposes, even if it...
Conventional quantity valueA value agreed upon for a quantity so that it can be used for a stated purpose, such as the standard...
Conventional true valueA value assigned to a quantity and accepted, by agreement among those concerned, as having an uncertainty...
Convergent evolutionThe process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits or characteristics as a result...
Conversion cross-sectionA measure of the probability that an incident photon or particle will induce a specific photochemical or...
Conversion dynodeA surface held at a high potential that incoming ions strike so that secondary electrons or ions are emitted...
Conversion electronAn electron ejected from an atom's electron shell as a result of an internal conversion process, where an...
Conversion spectrumA plot showing the efficiency of a photochemical or photophysical process as a function of the wavelength of...
ConvertaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an inactive precursor protein into its active form by proteolytic...
Convex isothermA distribution isotherm whose slope decreases continuously as concentration rises, so the stationary phase...
ConvulsionA sudden, violent, and involuntary contraction of a group of muscles, which may be localized or affect the...
Co-oligomerizationAn oligomerization in which two or more different monomers react to give a co-oligomer, a short chain...
Cooling curveA graphical representation showing the temperature of a substance as a function of time as it cools. The...
Coombs testA laboratory test used to detect antibodies that bind to the surface of red blood cells. The direct Coombs...
Cooperative transitionA phase transition in which a large number of constituent units within a system undergo a simultaneous or...
CooperativityA phenomenon observed in multi-subunit enzymes or proteins where the binding of a ligand to one active site...
CoordinationThe formation of a chemical bond between a central atom or ion and one or more ligands, where the ligands...
Coordination networkA coordination compound whose repeating coordination entities extend in two or three dimensions, or in one...
Coordination numberThe number of atoms, ions, or molecules directly bonded to a central atom or ion in a complex or crystal...
Coordination polyhedronThe geometric arrangement of the atoms directly bonded to a central atom in a coordination entity. The...
Coordination polymerA compound consisting of metal ions or clusters linked by organic ligands, forming a repeating network...
Coordination polymerizationA type of chain polymerization where the propagating species is a monomer coordinated to a transition metal...
Coordination ring-opening polymerizationA ring-opening polymerization in which the propagation step proceeds via coordination of a cyclic monomer to...
Coordination-addition polymerizationA coordination polymerization of alpha,beta-unsaturated esters or amides, such as methacrylates, in which...
Coordination-insertion polymerizationA specific mechanism of chain growth polymerization where a monomer coordinates to a transition metal center...
Coordinative chain-transfer polymerizationA polymerization process where the growing polymer chain reversibly transfers between different catalytic...
Coordinatively saturated complexA complex in which the central metal atom or ion has achieved its maximum coordination number, meaning all...
Coordinatively unsaturated complexA complex in which the central metal atom or ion has fewer ligands than its maximum possible coordination...
Coordinator of an interlaboratory comparisonAn individual or organization responsible for the planning, execution, and reporting of an interlaboratory...
CooxidationThe oxidation of a compound that occurs simultaneously with the oxidation of another compound, where the...
CopepodA small, aquatic crustacean belonging to the subclass Copepoda, found in both freshwater and marine...
CopolymerA polymer derived from two or more different monomer species, which are incorporated into the same polymer...
Copolymer isomorphismThe cocrystallization of the different comonomer units of a copolymer in one crystal lattice, which is...
Copolymer micelleAn aggregate of copolymer molecules in a selective solvent, where one block of the copolymer is soluble and...
Copolymerisation composition equationA mathematical expression that describes the instantaneous composition of a copolymer formed from two...
CopolymerizationA polymerization process in which two or more different types of monomers are reacted together to form a...
Copper vapour laserA type of gas laser that uses copper vapor as the active medium to produce coherent light. It operates by...
CoprecipitationThe simultaneous precipitation of a substance that would normally be soluble under the conditions of the...
Copy numberThe number of identical DNA sequences, such as genes or plasmids, present in a cell or organism's genome...
Cord bloodThe blood that remains in the placenta and the attached umbilical cord after childbirth. This blood is a rich...
Core atomAn atom within a molecule that serves as a central reference point for describing the structure and...
Core consistency diagnosticA statistical measure used in chemometrics, particularly with parallel factors analysis (PARAFAC), to assess...
Core gradeA grade given by United States pesticide regulators to a toxicology study after a manufacturer submits it for...
Core oligosaccharideThe portion of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that...
Core unitThe central molecular entity from which dendrons or hyperbranched polymer chains emanate. This unit serves as...
CoreceptorA cell-surface protein that binds to a ligand concurrently with a primary receptor to initiate or modulate a...
Core-crosslinked micelleA type of micelle formed by amphiphilic block copolymers where the core region, composed of the hydrophobic...
Core-shell particleA composite particle consisting of a central core material encapsulated by a distinct outer shell material...
Core-shell structureA morphological arrangement in which one material forms an inner core and is surrounded by a distinct outer...
Coriolis couplingAn interaction between the vibrational and rotational motions of a molecule, arising from the Coriolis force...
Coriolis forceAn apparent force that acts on moving objects within a rotating frame of reference, perpendicular to both the...
Cornu ammonisA region within the hippocampus of the brain, characterized by its distinctive curved shape resembling a...
Corona dischargeA localized electrical discharge that occurs in a fluid, such as air, around a conductor when the electric...
Corona discharge ionizationA soft ionization technique that uses a gas discharge at atmospheric pressure to create reactant ions from a...
CoronalRelating to a plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions...
Coronal sutureA fibrous joint that connects the frontal bone to the two parietal bones of the skull. This suture runs...
Corpus callosumA broad, thick band of myelinated nerve fibers located beneath the cerebral cortex that connects the left and...
Corpus cavernosumOne of two columns of sponge-like erectile tissue located along the dorsal side of the penis. During sexual...
Corpus luteumA temporary endocrine structure that develops in an ovary from an ovarian follicle after the oocyte has been...
Corpus striatumA subcortical forebrain structure of the basal ganglia made up of the striatum, which is the caudate nucleus...
Corrected emission spectrumA luminescence emission spectrum that has been adjusted to account for wavelength-dependent variations in the...
Corrected excitation spectrumA plot of the luminescence intensity of a sample as a function of the excitation wavelength, where the...
Corrected retention volumeThe retention volume multiplied by the pressure gradient correction factor j, which compensates for the...
Correlation analysisA statistical method used to examine the relationship between two or more variables, often applied in...
Correlation coefficientA statistical measure that quantifies the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two...
Correlation diagramA diagram that illustrates how the energy levels of molecular orbitals or electronic states of reactants...
Correlation energyThe difference between the exact non-relativistic energy of a quantum mechanical system and the energy...
Correlation spectroscopyA homonuclear two-dimensional NMR experiment, abbreviated COSY, in which a cross peak appears at the shift...
Correlation spectroscopy through long-range couplingA nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique that identifies correlations between nuclei separated by...
Correlation timeA measure of the average time a molecule or molecular segment retains its orientation or position before...
Correspondence factor analysisA multivariate statistical technique used to analyze categorical data, particularly contingency tables, by...
CorrinoidsA class of macrocyclic compounds characterized by a corrin nucleus, which is a partially reduced tetrapyrrole...
CorrosionAn irreversible reaction at the boundary between a material and its surroundings that wears the material away...
Corrosion cellAn electrochemical cell formed when two dissimilar metals or different areas of the same metal are in...
Corrosion potentialThe electrode potential of a corroding metal in an electrolyte when no net current flows between the metal...
Corrosion rateThe speed at which a material deteriorates due to corrosion, typically expressed as a loss of mass per unit...
CorrosiveDescribing a substance that causes visible destruction or irreversible alterations in living tissue at the...
CortexThe outer layer of an organ or other anatomical structure, distinct from the inner medulla. In the context of...
CorticosteroidA class of steroid hormones produced naturally in the adrenal cortex or manufactured synthetically. They...
Co-solvencyA phenomenon where a polymer that is insoluble in two individual solvents becomes soluble when these two...
Cost-benefit analysisA systematic process for calculating and comparing the benefits and costs of a project, decision, or policy...
Cost-effectiveness analysisAn economic evaluation method that compares the costs of different interventions with their outcomes...
Co-stimulationA second activating signal that a lymphocyte needs alongside the signal it receives through its...
CotecticA line on a ternary phase diagram, or the matching set of pressure, temperature and composition conditions...
Cottrell equationAn equation that describes the time-dependent current observed at an electrode under conditions of...
CoughA reflex action in fish characterized by a rapid and forceful reversal of water flow across the gills. This...
CoulombThe SI unit of electric charge, defined as the amount of charge transported by a constant current of one...
Coulomb integralA diagonal Hamiltonian integral taken over a single orbital in molecular orbital theory, written alpha in...
Coulomb radiusThe characteristic distance at which the Coulombic interaction energy between two charged species, such as an...
Coulomb repulsionThe electrostatic repulsive force that arises between two particles carrying charges of the same sign. This...
CoulometerAn electrochemical device used to measure the total electric charge passed through an electrolytic cell...
Coulometric detection methodAn analytical technique that measures the amount of analyte by quantifying the total charge (coulombs)...
CoulometryAn electroanalytical technique that measures the quantity of electricity (charge) consumed or produced during...
CoumarinsA class of naturally occurring organic compounds characterized by a benzopyran-2-one (1-benzopyran-2-one)...
CountA single detection event recorded by a radiation detector, indicating the interaction of an ionizing particle...
Count mean diameterThe average particle size obtained by adding up the diameters of every particle counted in a sample and...
Count median diameterA statistical measure representing the diameter at which half of the particles in a sample are smaller and...
Counter electrodeAn electrode in an electrochemical cell that completes the electrical circuit and allows current to flow...
Counter tubeA type of radiation detector, often a Geiger-Müller tube, designed to detect ionizing radiation by producing...
Countercurrent chromatographyA liquid-liquid chromatographic separation technique that uses two immiscible liquid phases, one stationary...
Countercurrent extractionA liquid-liquid extraction process where two immiscible phases flow past each other in opposite directions...
Counter-current flowA flow arrangement in a membrane module or heat exchanger in which the fluid on one side of the separating...
Counter-current gasA flow of gas directed opposite to the path of ions entering a mass spectrometer from an atmospheric pressure...
Counter-ionsIons of opposite charge that associate with a charged species, such as a macromolecule or an ion-exchange...
Counterpoise correctionA computational method used to correct for the basis set superposition error (BSSE) in quantum chemical...
Counter-regulation hypothesisA hypothesis within the hygiene hypothesis proposing that repeated infections in early childhood protect...
Counter-screenA secondary assay performed in biomolecular screening to distinguish true positive hits from false positives...
Counting efficiencyThe ratio of the number of detected radiation events (counts) to the actual number of radiation events...
Counting lossThe reduction in the observed counting rate from a radiation detector due to the detector's inability to...
Counting rateThe number of radiation detection events recorded by a detector per unit of time. This rate is a direct...
Coupled cluster methodA highly accurate ab initio quantum chemistry method used to describe the electron correlation in a molecular...
Coupled reactionA chemical reaction whose rate or extent is influenced by another reaction occurring simultaneously in the...
Coupled simultaneous techniquesAnalytical methods that combine two or more distinct techniques, where the output of one serves as the input...
Coupling constantA parameter in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy that quantifies the interaction between two...
Coupling reactionA chemical reaction that joins two molecular fragments, often through the formation of a new carbon-carbon...
Covalent bondA chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms. This sharing leads...
Covalent drugA pharmaceutical agent that forms a stable covalent bond with its molecular target, typically a protein. This...
Cox-Yates equationAn equation used in physical organic chemistry to describe the protonation equilibria of weak bases in...
Craig countercurrent distribution apparatusA laboratory device for performing multistage liquid-liquid extractions, consisting of a series of...
CrampA sudden, involuntary, and often painful contraction of one or more muscles. These contractions can range in...
Cranial nerveAny of twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain or brainstem, rather than from the spinal...
Cranial placodesLocalized thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm in the head and neck region of a developing vertebrate. These...
Cranial sutureA fibrous joint connecting the bones of the skull, allowing for flexibility during birth and subsequent...
CraniofacialRelating to the structures of the cranium and the face. This anatomical term is used in developmental and...
CraniopharyngiomaA rare, benign brain tumor that arises from remnants of Rathke's pouch, a structure involved in pituitary...
CraniorachischisisA severe neural tube defect characterized by the complete failure of the neural tube to close, resulting in...
CranioschisisA congenital malformation characterized by a fissure or opening in the skull, resulting from incomplete...
CraniosynostosisA congenital condition characterized by the premature fusion of one or more of the fibrous cranial sutures...
CraniumThe part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain, also known as the neurocranium. It is composed of...
Crater depthThe depth of a sputter crater averaged over the region that supplies the measured signal, not the maximum...
CrazingA form of localized plastic deformation in glassy polymers characterized by the formation of an intricate...
C-reactive proteinA pentameric protein found in blood plasma, the levels of which rise in response to inflammation. It binds to...
CreamA concentrated layer of the dispersed phase that forms at the top or bottom of an emulsion or suspension due...
Cream volumeThe volume occupied by the concentrated emulsion layer that forms at the top of a dispersed system, such as...
CreamingThe process by which the dispersed phase of an emulsion or suspension separates to form a concentrated layer...
CreepThe time-dependent deformation of a material under a constant applied stress, occurring at temperatures above...
Cre/loxPA site-specific recombination system derived from bacteriophage P1, widely used in molecular biology to...
CrepitationsA crackling, rattling, or bubbling sound heard during auscultation, particularly in the lungs or joints. In...
CresolsA group of organic compounds that are methylphenols, meaning they are derivatives of phenol with a methyl...
CretinismA condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid...
Cri du chat syndromeA rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5, characterized by a distinctive...
CristaAn inward projection of the inner mitochondrial membrane that forms a series of shelf-like or finger-like...
CriterionA standard or principle by which something is judged, evaluated, or decided, often used in scientific...
Criterion validityThe extent to which a measure or test correlates with an external criterion or gold standard that it is...
Critical angleThe specific angle of incidence above which a ray of light traveling through a denser medium to a less dense...
Critical body residueThe concentration of a toxic substance in the tissues of an organism that results in a specified adverse...
Critical coagulation concentrationThe minimum electrolyte concentration required to induce rapid coagulation or flocculation of a colloidal...
Critical concentrationThe concentration of a chemical within a specific target organ or tissue at which an adverse functional...
Critical dimensionThe smallest geometrical feature, such as the width of a line or the space between lines, that is printed in...
Critical doseThe minimum dose of a substance that elicits a specific adverse effect in an organism or biological system...
Critical effectThe most sensitive adverse effect of a substance that occurs at the lowest dose or concentration, serving as...
Critical end-pointA specific, measurable biological or toxicological effect chosen as the primary indicator of harm in a risk...
Critical energyThe minimum internal energy that a molecule must possess to undergo a specific unimolecular reaction, such as...
Critical excitation energyThe minimum photon or particle energy that can excite a given analytical signal, most often meaning in X-ray...
Critical groupA subset of the population that is most susceptible to the adverse effects of a particular toxic agent due to...
Critical indexA dimensionless exponent that describes the power-law behavior of a physical quantity near a critical point...
Critical ion-concentration in an ionomerThe specific concentration of ionic groups within an ionomer at which a distinct phase separation or...
Critical life-stage testingAn ecotoxicological test that assesses the effects of a substance on organisms during a particularly...
Critical micelle concentrationThe concentration of a surfactant in a solution above which micelles spontaneously form. Below this...
Critical moisture contentThe moisture level in a solid material, such as a pharmaceutical powder, below which the rate of drying...
Critical oligomer degree of polymerisation for irreversible entryThe minimum number of monomer units in an oligomer chain that allows it to irreversibly enter a growing...
Critical oligomer degree of polymerisation for precipitationThe minimum number of monomer units in an oligomer chain at which it becomes insoluble in the continuous...
Critical organThe specific organ or tissue in the body that first shows adverse effects from exposure to a toxic substance...
Critical organ concentrationThe concentration of a toxic substance within a specific organ that is associated with the onset of a defined...
Critical periodA specific, limited time window during development when an organism is highly susceptible to external...
Critical pointA specific temperature and pressure at which the distinction between liquid and gas phases of a substance...
Critical pressureThe pressure required to condense a gas at its critical temperature, above which no amount of pressure can...
Critical solution pointThe specific temperature and composition at which two partially miscible liquid phases become completely...
Critical studyThe toxicological or epidemiological investigation that provides the most reliable quantitative data for...
Critical temperatureThe temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone, however high the pressure. Above it...
Critical thickness of a filmThe specific thickness of a liquid film at which it becomes unstable and ruptures, or below which it cannot...
Critical valueA threshold value in statistical hypothesis testing that determines whether to reject or fail to reject the...
Crohn diseaseA chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth...
Cross polarizationA technique in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, particularly in solid-state NMR, that transfers...
Cross polarization with magic angle spinning NMRA solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique that combines cross polarization with magic angle...
Cross reactionAn undesirable interaction where an analytical reagent or antibody designed to detect a specific analyte also...
Cross reactivityThe ability of an antibody or other binding agent to react with substances other than the specific analyte it...
Cross sectionA measure of the probability that a specific interaction, such as a nuclear reaction or scattering event...
Cross sensitivityA phenomenon where an individual develops an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction to a substance, and...
Cross-conjugationConjugation in which one unsaturated group is conjugated with two others that are not conjugated with each...
Crosscurrent extractionA multistage extraction procedure where a sample is repeatedly extracted with fresh portions of the...
Crossed electric and magnetic fieldsA configuration where an electric field and a magnetic field are oriented perpendicularly to each other. This...
Cross-flow filtrationA filtration technique where the fluid flows tangentially across the surface of a membrane, rather than...
Cross-flow nebulizerA device used in atomic spectroscopy to convert a liquid sample into a fine aerosol by directing a...
Crossing overThe reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during...
CrosslinkA covalent bond or a region of localized primary valence bonds that connects two or more polymer chains...
Crosslink densityThe concentration of crosslinks within a polymer network, expressed as the number of moles of crosslinks per...
Cross-linkingThe process of forming covalent bonds between polymer chains or between different molecules, resulting in a...
CrosslinkingThe process of forming covalent bonds or other strong interactions between polymer chains, leading to the...
Crosslinking siteA specific atom or group of atoms within a polymer chain where a crosslink can form, connecting two or more...
Cross-matchingA laboratory procedure performed before a blood transfusion to verify compatibility between a donor's red...
Cross-over concentrationThe polymer concentration at which polymer coils in solution begin to overlap and entangle with each other...
Crossover studyAn experimental design in which each participant receives all the treatments being investigated in a...
Cross-presentationA process by which certain antigen-presenting cells, primarily dendritic cells, acquire antigens from...
Cross-propagationA propagation reaction in the formation of a copolymer where a growing polymer chain with an active center...
Cross-reacting antibodyAn antibody that binds to more than one antigen, typically because the antigens share similar structural...
Cross-reacting antigenAn antigen that shares structural similarities or identical epitopes with another antigen, allowing...
Cross-resistanceA phenomenon where an organism or population that has developed resistance to one toxic substance also...
Cross-sectional area of the columnThe internal area of a chromatographic column perpendicular to the direction of flow. This area is calculated...
Cross-sectional studyAn observational research design that measures the prevalence of a health outcome or exposure in a population...
Cross-sectioningA sample preparation technique in surface analysis where a material is cut perpendicular to its surface to...
Cross-terminationA termination reaction in radical copolymerization where two growing polymer radicals of different monomer...
Cross-toleranceA phenomenon where exposure to one substance induces a state of reduced responsiveness or tolerance not only...
Crouzon syndromeA genetic disorder characterized by premature fusion of the skull bones (craniosynostosis), leading to an...
CrowdingA solvent extraction step in which an impurity held in the extract phase is pushed back into the aqueous...
CrownA macrocyclic polyether that forms a cyclic structure capable of encapsulating metal ions or other guest...
Crown conformationA conformation of a saturated ring with an even number of atoms, eight or more, in which the ring atoms lie...
CrudA solid or semi-solid material that forms at the interface between two immiscible liquid phases during a...
CryogenicRelating to or involving very low temperatures, typically below -150 degrees Celsius (-238 degrees...
Cryogenic samplingA method of collecting atmospheric or other gas samples by cooling them to extremely low temperatures...
Cryogenic trapA device used to condense and collect volatile or semi-volatile compounds from a gas stream by cooling a...
CryoglobulinAn antibody or a complex of immunoglobulins in the blood serum that reversibly precipitates at temperatures...
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitisA systemic inflammatory condition characterized by inflammation of blood vessels, primarily small to...
CryptA narrow, pit-like invagination or recess within an epithelial surface, such as those found in the intestines...
CryptandA synthetic bicyclic or polycyclic multidentate ligand that completely encapsulates a guest ion, typically a...
Cryptic epitopeAn antigenic determinant that is normally hidden within a larger protein structure or molecular complex and...
CryptophthalmosA congenital malformation characterized by the absence of eyelids and the fusion of skin over the eyes. This...
Crystal diffraction spectrometerAn instrument that uses the diffraction of X-rays or neutrons by a crystal lattice to determine their energy...
Crystal fieldThe electrostatic field created by the surrounding ligands or ions that influences the d-orbitals of a...
Crystal field splittingThe energy difference between the d-orbitals of a central metal ion in a coordination complex, which arises...
Crystal laserA laser that uses a crystalline solid as its gain medium, where the active ions are doped into the crystal...
Crystal lattice defectAny deviation from the perfect periodic arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystalline solid. These...
Crystal photochemistryThe study of photochemical reactions that occur within the solid crystalline state. In this environment, the...
Crystal polymorphA distinct crystalline form of a given chemical compound or polymer that possesses the same chemical...
CrystallineDescribing a solid material in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in a highly...
Crystalline electrodesIon-selective electrodes constructed from a solid, sparingly soluble crystalline material that exhibits...
Crystalline polymerA polymer showing crystallinity, meaning three-dimensional order on the atomic scale in at least part of its...
Crystalline polymer-inclusion complexA crystalline material formed when polymer chains are encapsulated within the channels or cavities of a host...
Crystalline stateA solid state of matter characterized by a highly ordered arrangement of molecules, atoms, or ions in a...
Crystalline-polymer molecular complexA crystalline molecular complex formed between two different polymers that pack together in one lattice...
CrystallinityThe degree to which a polymer material possesses an ordered, repeating molecular structure, as opposed to an...
Crystallisable polymerA polymer that can form a crystalline phase under appropriate conditions, characterized by a regular...
CrystallizationThe process by which a solid with a highly ordered atomic or molecular structure forms from a solution, melt...
CTAn abbreviation for charge transfer, referring to a type of electronic transition where an electron moves...
C-terminal analysisA set of analytical methods used to identify the amino acid residue located at the carboxyl-terminal end of a...
C-terminusThe end of a peptide or protein chain characterized by the presence of a free carboxyl group (-COOH). This...
C-type lectinA type of carbohydrate-binding protein, or lectin, whose binding activity is dependent on the presence of...
CubicA structural arrangement characterized by three mutually perpendicular axes of equal length, often observed...
Cubic mesophaseA type of liquid crystalline phase characterized by a three-dimensional, periodic arrangement of molecules or...
CueA stimulus or signal that guides behavior or provides information about the environment. In neurotoxicology...
CultivationThe process of propagating microorganisms, cells, or tissues by providing the appropriate environmental...
CultureThe growth of microorganisms, cells, or tissues in a controlled artificial environment, typically using a...
Cumulative death rateThe proportion of a defined population that dies from a specific cause or all causes over a specified period...
Cumulative doseThe total amount of a substance, such as a chemical or radiation, absorbed by an organism over a period of...
Cumulative double bondsA structural arrangement in an organic molecule where two or more double bonds are directly adjacent to each...
Cumulative effectThe total change that builds up across successive exposures to a chemical or to radiation, each one adding to...
Cumulative exposureThe total contact an organism has with a particular chemical or physical agent over a specified duration...
Cumulative fission yieldThe total fraction of fissions that lead to the formation of a specific nuclide, either directly as a primary...
Cumulative incidenceThe proportion of a population initially free of a disease or condition that develops the disease or...
Cumulative incidence rateThe proportion of a population that develops a disease or health event during a defined period, equal to the...
Cumulative incidence ratioA measure of association that compares the cumulative incidence of a disease or health outcome in an exposed...
Cumulative mass-distribution functionA function giving, for each molar mass M, the share of the total mass of a polymer sample that is made up of...
Cumulative median lethal doseThe total dose of a substance that, when administered in repeated increments over a specified period, is...
Cumulative number-distribution functionA function that gives the proportion, by number of molecules, of a polymer sample whose value of a chosen...
Cumulative riskThe combined probability of adverse health effects from exposure to multiple stressors, such as chemical...
Cumulative sampleA sample that gathers material continuously over a long span such as days or weeks, so it holds the...
Cumulative sum control chartA statistical process control chart that plots the cumulative sum of deviations of individual sample values...
CumulenesHydrocarbons, and by extension substituted derivatives, that contain three or more cumulative double bonds in...
Cumulonimbus cloudA dense, towering convective cloud that grows from cumulus and typically reaches from low levels to near the...
Cumulus cloudA type of cloud characterized by puffy, white, cotton-like appearance with a flat base and distinct, rounded...
Cumulus oophorusA cluster of specialized granulosa cells that surrounds the oocyte both within the ovarian follicle and after...
CupolaA vertical, cylindrical furnace used for melting metals, primarily for producing cast iron, though it can be...
CurieA non-SI unit of radioactivity, defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which 3.7 x...
Curly arrowsA symbolic representation used in organic chemistry reaction mechanisms to depict the movement of electron...
Current densityA vector quantity representing the amount of electric charge flowing through a unit cross-sectional area per...
Current distributionThe spatial variation of current density across the surface of an electrode or within an electrolytic cell...
Current efficiencyThe ratio of the actual amount of product formed or reactant consumed in an electrochemical process to the...
Current samplingA technique in electrochemistry where the current is measured at specific, discrete time points during an...
Current-potential curveA graphical representation showing the relationship between the current flowing through an electrochemical...
Curtin-Hammett principleA principle for a substrate that exists as two rapidly interconverting conformers or isomers, each reacting...
Curve-crossing modelA valence-bond model of organic reactivity, associated with Shaik and Pross, that builds a reaction profile...
Cut offThe particle size at which the collection or retention efficiency of a sampler, filter, or separator reaches...
Cutaneous lymphocyte antigenA carbohydrate-based cell surface molecule expressed on a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that mediates their...
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomaA group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas characterized by the proliferation of malignant T lymphocytes that primarily...
Cut-off filterAn optical filter that transmits light above a certain wavelength and absorbs or reflects light below that...
Cut-on filterAn optical filter that transmits radiation at wavelengths longer than a specified cut-on wavelength and...
CWAn abbreviation for continuous wave, referring to electromagnetic radiation, such as light from a laser, that...
CyanatesSalts and esters of cyanic acid, HO-C≡N, the organic esters carrying the group -O-C≡N, in which an oxygen...
CyanidesOrganic compounds characterized by the presence of a cyano functional group, -C≡N, where a carbon atom is...
Cyanine dyesA class of synthetic organic dyes characterized by a polymethine chain connecting two heterocyclic...
CyanogenicDescribing a substance or organism capable of producing hydrogen cyanide (HCN), a highly toxic compound. Many...
CyanohydrinsOrganic compounds formed by the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with hydrogen cyanide, resulting in a...
CyanosisA bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes resulting from an inadequate amount of oxygenated...
CyanotoxinA toxin produced by cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae. These compounds are produced and contained...
Cybotactic regionThe immediate vicinity around a solute molecule in a solution, where the solvent molecules are organized in a...
Cyclic acid anhydridesOrganic compounds formed by the intramolecular dehydration of a dicarboxylic acid, resulting in a cyclic...
Cyclic macromoleculeA macromolecule in which the main chain forms a closed loop, without any terminal end groups. These...
Cyclic voltammetryAn electroanalytical technique where the potential of a working electrode is swept linearly between two...
CyclitolsCyclic polyols, which are carbocyclic compounds containing at least three hydroxyl groups attached to...
CyclizationA chemical reaction that forms a ring of atoms from one or more reactant molecules containing open-chain...
Cyclo-A prefix used in chemical nomenclature to denote the presence of a ring of atoms within a molecule's...
CycloalkanesSaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons containing a ring of three or more carbon atoms joined by single bonds...
Cycloalkyl groupsUnivalent groups derived from cycloalkanes by the formal removal of one hydrogen atom from a ring carbon...
CyclodextrinsCyclic oligosaccharides composed of glucopyranose units linked by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, forming a...
CycloeliminationA chemical reaction that is the reverse of a cycloaddition, where a cyclic molecule breaks down into two or...
Cyclohexadienyl cationsCarbocations derived from cyclohexadiene, characterized by a delocalized positive charge over a six-membered...
Cyclone collectorA device used to remove particulate matter from an air or gas stream through centrifugal force. The gas...
Cyclooxygenase specific inhibitorsA class of pharmaceutical agents that selectively block the activity of specific isoforms of the...
CyclophanesMacrocyclic compounds characterized by a cyclic array of aromatic units, such as benzene rings, linked by two...
CyclopiaA rare and severe congenital abnormality resulting from the failure of the embryonic forebrain to divide into...
CyclopolymerizationA polymerization reaction where a monomer containing at least two unsaturated bonds undergoes intramolecular...
CyclosilazanesCyclic compounds containing alternating silicon and nitrogen atoms in the ring structure. These inorganic...
CyclosiloxanesCyclic compounds composed of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms in the ring, with organic substituents...
CyclotronA particle accelerator that uses a constant magnetic field and a rapidly oscillating electric field to...
Cyclotron motionThe circular or helical motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field, where the magnetic force...
CystAn abnormal, closed sac-like structure within a tissue or organ that is lined by epithelium and filled with a...
Cytochrome P420A denatured form of cytochrome P450, characterized by a shift in its Soret peak from approximately 450 nm to...
Cytochrome P448A specific isoform of cytochrome P450 enzymes, characterized by its absorption maximum at 448 nm when...
Cytochrome P450A superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum and...
CytochromesHeme-containing proteins that function as electron carriers in metabolic pathways, particularly in cellular...
CytogeneticsThe branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes, particularly through...
CytokineA small protein or peptide that acts as a signaling molecule between cells, particularly in the immune...
Cytokine capture assayA laboratory method used to detect and quantify cytokines produced by cells. This technique involves...
Cytokine profileThe specific pattern of cytokines produced by a cell, tissue, or organism under particular physiological or...
Cytokine release assayA laboratory test that measures the amount of cytokines secreted by immune cells in response to a specific...
CytomegalovirusA common human herpesvirus that can cause a range of symptoms, from asymptomatic infection to severe disease...
CytopeniaA reduction in the number of any mature blood cell type, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, or...
CytoplasmThe entire contents within the cell membrane of a eukaryotic cell, excluding the nucleus. It comprises the...
CytotoxicDescribing a substance or process that is toxic to cells, causing their damage or death. Cytotoxic agents are...
Cytotoxic T lymphocyteA type of T lymphocyte (T cell) that recognizes and kills target cells, such as virus-infected cells or...
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4A protein receptor found on the surface of T cells that acts as an immune checkpoint, downregulating immune...
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte assayA laboratory method used to measure the ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill target cells. This assay...
Cytotoxicity assayA laboratory procedure designed to evaluate the toxic effects of a substance on cells. These assays measure...
CytotoxinA substance that has a toxic effect on cells, leading to their damage or death. These can be produced by...
CytotrophoblastThe inner layer of the trophoblast, the outer cell layer of the blastocyst that develops into a large part of...

1,366 of 13,676 terms in Chemistry terminology (MLC-0109). Request the full dataset.