Chemistry terminology · MLC-0109

Chemistry terms: C (1,366)

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• ChloraminesCompounds derived from ammonia or a primary or secondary amine by the replacement of one or more hydrogen...
• Chloride cellA specialized cell found in the gills of fish and other aquatic organisms, responsible for maintaining ion...
• ChlorinityA measure of the chloride content in a water sample, historically used as an indicator of salinity...
• ChlorocarbonsCompounds composed solely of carbon and chlorine, with no hydrogen or other elements, such as carbon...
• ChlorofluorocarbonAn organic compound consisting of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms, formerly widely used as refrigerants...
• ChlorosisA condition in plants characterized by a yellowing of the leaves due to insufficient chlorophyll production...
• CholinergicRelating to nerve cells or receptors that use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. Cholinergic neurons...
• Cholinesterase inhibitorA substance that blocks the action of cholinesterase enzymes, which are responsible for breaking down the...
• CholinomimeticDescribing a substance that mimics the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, at cholinergic receptors...
• ChondrificationThe process of cartilage formation, where mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes and produce the...
• ChondroblastA cell derived from mesenchymal stem cells that is actively involved in the synthesis of the extracellular...
• ChondrocyteA cell type found within the cartilage tissue, responsible for producing and maintaining the cartilaginous...
• ChordinA secreted protein that functions as an antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling during...
• ChoreaA neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, irregular, unpredictable, and purposeless movements...
• ChoreoathetosisA neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, irregular, and unpredictable movements that combine...
• Chorioallantoic placentaA type of placenta formed by the fusion of the chorion and the allantois, two extraembryonic membranes. This...
• ChorionThe outermost fetal membrane that surrounds the embryo and other membranes, such as the amnion. It is formed...
• Chorionic gonadotropinA glycoprotein hormone produced by the trophoblast cells of the placenta during pregnancy, which maintains...
• Chorionic sacThe fluid-filled sac formed by the chorion that encloses the developing embryo and amniotic sac within the...
• Chorionic villusFinger-like projections that extend from the chorion into the maternal decidua, forming the fetal component...
• ChorioretinitisAn inflammatory condition affecting both the choroid, the vascular layer of the eye, and the retina, the...
• Choroid plexusA network of capillaries and specialized ependymal cells located in the ventricles of the brain. This...
• Christiansen effectA phenomenon observed when light passes through a suspension of transparent particles in a liquid, where the...
• Christiansen filterAn optical filter consisting of a suspension of transparent solid particles in a liquid, where both phases...
• Chromaffin cellA neuroendocrine cell found primarily in the adrenal medulla and in sympathetic ganglia. These cells...
• Chromate uptake assayAn immunotoxicology method that quantifies how a substance harms leukocytes by counting the...
• Chromatic aberrationAn optical distortion where different wavelengths of light are focused at different positions due to the...
• ChromatidOne of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined together by a centromere, which separates...
• ChromatinA complex of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins, primarily histones, found within the nucleus of...
• Chromatin immunoprecipitationA molecular biology technique used to study the association between specific proteins and DNA segments within...
• ChromatogramA visual record, typically a graph, produced by a chromatograph, showing the detector response as a function...
• ChromatographAn instrument used to perform chromatographic separations, consisting of a mobile phase delivery system, a...
• Chromatographic bedThe region within a chromatographic column or on a planar surface that contains the stationary phase through...
• Chromatographic detectorA device located at the end of a chromatographic column that senses the presence of separated components as...
• ChromatographyA physical method of separation in which components of a mixture are separated by differential distribution...
• ChromatolysisA pathological process involving the dissolution and dispersion of Nissl bodies (rough endoplasmic reticulum...
• Chromium release assayA quantitative method for assessing cell-mediated cytotoxicity, where target cells are pre-loaded with...
• ChromophoreA specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for absorbing light in the visible or...
• Chromosomal aberrationA change in the normal structure or number of chromosomes within a cell. These alterations can involve...
• Chromosomal abnormalityA deviation from the normal number or structure of chromosomes within a cell. These abnormalities can involve...
• Chromosomal inversionA type of chromosomal rearrangement where a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. This occurs when...
• Chromosomal translocationA type of chromosomal abnormality where a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different...
• ChromosomeA thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying...
• Chromosome deletionA chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome, or part of one, is lost. Terminal deletions remove the end...
• Chromosome ringA structurally abnormal chromosome in which both ends of a chromosome break off and the remaining central...
• ChronicDescribing conditions, processes, or exposures that are persistent or long-lasting in their effects. In...
• Chronic allergic inflammationA prolonged inflammatory response triggered by exposure to an allergen, characterized by persistent immune...
• Chronic effectAn adverse effect that develops slowly, persists for a long time, or both, whether it follows a single...
• Chronic granulomatous diseaseA group of inherited immunodeficiency disorders characterized by the inability of phagocytic cells, such as...
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemiaA type of cancer characterized by the slow, progressive accumulation of abnormal, mature B lymphocytes in the...
• Chronic myelogenous leukemiaA type of cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the uncontrolled growth of myeloid...
• Chronic rejectionA slow, progressive form of immune-mediated damage to a transplanted organ that occurs months or years after...
• Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathyA neuropsychological syndrome associated with long-term occupational exposure to organic solvents such as...
• Chronic toxicityAdverse effects that occur as a result of repeated or continuous exposure to a substance over a long period...
• Chronic toxicity testAn experimental procedure designed to evaluate the adverse effects of a substance following continuous or...
• ChronoamperometryAn electrochemical technique where the current flowing through an electrochemical cell is measured as a...
• Chronocoulometric constantAn empirically determined quantity equal to the slope of a plot of passed charge against the square root of...
• ChronocoulometryAn electrochemical analysis technique in which the total charge that passes through an electrode is measured...
• Chronopotentiometric constantAn empirically evaluated quantity equal to the current density multiplied by the square root of the...
• ChronopotentiometryAn electrochemical technique where a constant current is applied to an electrochemical cell, and the...
• ChronotoxicologyThe study of how the timing of exposure to toxic substances influences their effects on biological systems...
• Ciguatera poisoningA form of foodborne illness caused by the consumption of reef fish contaminated with neurotoxins called...
• Ciguateratoxin poisoningAn intoxication caused by eating reef fish, typically large carnivorous species such as snapper and...
• Ciliary muscleA ring of smooth muscle located within the eye's ciliary body, responsible for changing the shape of the...
• Ciliary neurotrophic factorA protein belonging to the cytokine family that promotes the survival of neurons and oligodendrocytes. It...
• Cine-substitutionA substitution in which the incoming group ends up on the atom next to the one that held the leaving group...
• c-ionA peptide fragment ion that contains the N-terminus, formed when a peptide ion dissociates at the backbone...
• CIP priorityA system for assigning priorities to ligands attached to a chiral center or to the atoms of a double bond...
• CircadianRelating to a biological process or rhythm that recurs naturally on a 24-hour cycle, even in the absence of...
• Circular birefringenceThe property of a chiral medium in which left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light travel at...
• Circular dichroismThe differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light by a chiral substance, resulting in...
• Circular fingerprintsA type of molecular fingerprint that encodes structural information about a chemical compound by iteratively...
• Circulation of substancesThe movement of xenobiotic substances through the environment, carried by air currents, river flow, sediment...
• CirrhosisA severe and irreversible scarring of the liver, characterized by the replacement of healthy liver tissue...
• CirrhoticRelating to or characterized by cirrhosis, a late stage of progressive liver disease. This condition involves...
• Cis-A stereochemical descriptor indicating that two specified substituents are located on the same side of a...
• Cis conformationA bond conformation of a polymer main chain in which the torsion angle defined by four consecutive backbone...
• Cis, transStereochemical descriptors used to specify the configuration of substituents relative to a reference plane in...
• Cis-fusedA stereodescriptor for two rings sharing a bond, meaning that the exocyclic atoms or groups on the two shared...
• Cistactic polymerA tactic polymer with double bonds in its main chain that all have the cis geometry, as in...
• Cis-trans isomersStereoisomers that differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups around a rigid structural element...
• Cis/trans photoisomerisationA photochemical process where a molecule undergoes a change in its geometric configuration around a double...
• City-block distanceA metric used in chemometrics and other fields to quantify the distance between two points in a...
• CladisticsA method of biological classification that groups organisms based on shared derived characteristics, or...
• CladogramA branching diagram used in cladistics to illustrate hypothetical evolutionary relationships among groups of...
• Clarke-Glew equationA semi-empirical fitting function for how the standard Gibbs energy of solution varies with temperature...
• Clarke-Glew-Weiss equationA form of the semi-empirical Clarke-Glew expansion in which the reference temperature is fixed at 100 K, so...
• Class (a) metal ionA metal ion characterized by its preference for ligands containing oxygen or fluorine as donor atoms...
• Class (b) metal ionA metal ion characterized by its preference for ligands containing sulfur, phosphorus, or heavier halogens as...
• Class of helixThe count of backbone atoms in one residue of a helical chain, where the residue is the unit repeated by the...
• Class switchingA process in B lymphocytes where the constant region of the antibody heavy chain is changed, leading to the...
• Classical conditioningA type of associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring...
• Classical pathwayOne of the three main routes by which the complement system, a part of the innate immune system, is...
• ClastogenAn agent or substance that induces structural chromosomal aberrations, such as breaks, deletions, or...
• ClastogenesisThe process by which a clastogen induces structural damage to chromosomes, resulting in breaks, deletions...
• ClathratesInclusion compounds where one type of molecule, the guest, is physically trapped within the lattice or...
• ClausiusA historical unit of entropy, defined as one calorie per Kelvin (cal/K). This unit is named after Rudolf...
• Clay hybridA composite material where an inorganic clay component is dispersed within an organic polymer matrix at a...
• Clean surfaceA surface that is free of any detectable amounts of foreign substances, as determined by the analytical...
• Clean upThe process of removing interfering substances or matrix components from a sample prior to analysis, to...
• ClearanceA quantitative measure of the rate at which a substance is removed from the body or a specific body...
• Clearance doseThe minimum radiation dose required to completely remove a resist film from a substrate during the...
• Clearing pointThe temperature at which a liquid-crystalline material, upon heating, transitions from an ordered mesophase...
• CleavageThe rapid series of mitotic cell divisions that occur in an early embryo following fertilization, without an...
• CleftA natural or abnormal fissure or opening in an anatomical structure, often resulting from incomplete fusion...
• Cleft lipA congenital malformation characterized by a split or opening in the upper lip, which can range from a small...
• Cleft palateA congenital malformation characterized by an opening or split in the roof of the mouth, which can involve...
• Cleft sternumA rare congenital malformation characterized by an incomplete fusion of the sternum, or breastbone, during...
• Climax communityA stable and mature ecological community that represents the final stage of ecological succession in a...
• Clinical toxicologyThe medical discipline focused on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of poisoning and other adverse...
• ClitorisA highly sensitive erectile organ in female mammals, homologous to the penis in males, located at the...
• CloacaA posterior opening in many vertebrate species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and some mammals, that...
• Cloacal membraneA bilayered tissue that closes the posterior orifice of the embryonic hindgut, known as the cloaca. It is...
• Clog PA calculated logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient, representing the lipophilicity of a...
• CLOGP valuesNumerical estimations of the octanol-water partition coefficient, derived through computational methods...
• Clonal anergyA state of unresponsiveness in T lymphocytes or B lymphocytes that have encountered an antigen but did not...
• Clonal deletionA process in immunology where self-reactive lymphocytes are eliminated during their development to prevent...
• Clonal expansionThe rapid proliferation of antigen-specific lymphocytes (B cells or T cells) after encountering their cognate...
• Clonal indifferenceA state where lymphocytes, despite recognizing a self-antigen, do not mount an immune response because the...
• Clonal selectionA fundamental theory of adaptive immunity proposing that a specific antigen selectively activates and expands...
• CloneA population of cells or organisms that are genetically identical, having originated from a single ancestor...
• ClonicRelating to or characterized by clonus, which involves rapidly alternating, rhythmic contraction and...
• CloningThe process of creating genetically identical copies of a biological entity, such as a gene, cell, or...
• Cloning vectorA DNA molecule, such as a plasmid or virus, used to carry foreign genetic material into a host cell, where it...
• Closed shell molecular systemsMolecular systems in which all electrons are paired and occupy molecular orbitals, resulting in a total spin...
• Closed-loop extractionAn extraction in which a fixed volume of gas is pumped around a closed circuit, stripping volatile analytes...
• Closed-vessel acid digestionA sample preparation technique where a sample is digested with strong acids in a sealed container, typically...
• Closo-A prefix used in inorganic nomenclature to denote a closed polyhedral cluster of atoms, particularly in boron...
• CloudA visible mass of water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere, formed when water vapor...
• Cloud pointThe temperature at which a polymer solution, initially homogeneous, begins to show turbidity due to phase...
• Cloud point extractionA separation technique that concentrates analytes from an aqueous solution into a small volume of a...
• Cloud-point curveA graphical representation showing the cloud point temperatures of a polymer solution as a function of its...
• Clover diseaseA reproductive disorder in livestock, particularly sheep, caused by the ingestion of phytoestrogens found in...
• ClubfootA congenital deformity of the foot and ankle, where the foot is twisted inward and downward. This condition...
• ClusterA group of two or more atoms or molecules held together by chemical bonds, often involving direct metal-metal...
• Cluster analysisA statistical method used to group a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group, or cluster...
• Cluster centroidA representative point for a cluster in a dataset, typically calculated as the mean or median of all data...
• Cluster determinantA set of related antigens that together make up one marker on the surface of a cell and that antibodies bind...
• Cluster ionAn ion composed of a central ion surrounded by one or more neutral molecules, held together by non-covalent...
• Cluster of differentiation antigenA specific cell surface molecule that serves as a marker for identifying and classifying different cell...
• Cluster samplingA sampling method where the population is divided into groups, or clusters, and a random sample of these...
• CoacervationThe separation of a colloidal solution into two immiscible liquid phases, one of which is rich in the...
• Coacervative extractionA liquid-liquid extraction in which a water-immiscible, surfactant-rich phase called a coacervate separates...
• CoagulationThe process by which dispersed particles in a colloid aggregate to form larger masses, leading to their...
• Coagulation systemA cascade of enzymatic reactions involving plasma proteins, known as clotting factors, that results in the...
• Coagulative nucleationA particle-formation process in which nuclei produced by any mechanism, typically precursor particles from...
• Coal tar pitchA viscous, black, amorphous residue obtained from the distillation of coal tar, which itself is a byproduct...
• Coal-derived pitch cokeA type of coke produced by the carbonization of coal tar pitch, a byproduct of coal processing. This material...
• CoalescenceThe process where two or more dispersed phase entities, such as droplets in an emulsion or bubbles in a foam...
• CoalificationThe geological process by which plant matter is transformed into coal over millions of years through the...
• CoarctateA feature of a concerted reaction whose transition state involves two rings that meet at one atom, giving a...
• CoarctationA congenital narrowing or constriction of a tubular organ or vessel in the body, most frequently observed in...
• Co-assemblyThe spontaneous organization of two or more distinct molecular components into a larger, ordered...
• Coated-vessel formatA solid-phase microextraction geometry in which the sorbent is coated on the inner walls of the sample vessel...
• CoatingA layer of material applied to the surface of a pharmaceutical dosage form, such as a tablet or capsule, to...
• Coaxial reflectronA type of ion mirror in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer where the electrostatic field is applied parallel...
• Cobalt-mediated radical polymerizationA type of reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) where a cobalt complex reversibly deactivates...
• CochleaA spiral-shaped, fluid-filled cavity within the inner ear responsible for converting sound vibrations into...
• Coded experimental designA method for representing the levels of experimental factors using dimensionless, normalized values rather...
• CodonA sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) molecule that specifies the...
• Co-drugTwo drugs joined by a chemical linkage into one molecule, usually with synergistic or complementary actions...
• CoefficientA numerical or constant factor that multiplies a variable in an algebraic expression or a term in a...
• Coefficient of hazeAn index of the dirtiness of air obtained by drawing a measured volume of air through a paper or membrane...
• Coekelbergs effectAdsorption on the surface of a photocatalyst that takes place in the dark, after the catalyst was first...
• CoelomThe main fluid-filled body cavity in many multicellular animals, located between the intestinal canal and the...
• CoenzymeA small, non-protein organic molecule that binds to an enzyme and is required for the enzyme's catalytic...
• Coexistence curveA graphical representation showing the conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, composition) under which two...
• CoextractionThe simultaneous extraction of two or more different chemical species from a sample matrix into an extracting...
• Cognate T cellA T lymphocyte that possesses a T-cell receptor capable of specifically recognizing and binding to a...
• CognitionThe set of mental processes that includes perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and...
• Coherence lengthA measure of the spatial distance over which a propagating wave, such as light or a neutron beam, maintains a...
• Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopyA non-linear spectroscopic technique that generates a coherent anti-Stokes Raman signal by exciting molecular...
• Coherent radiationA beam of photons, such as a laser beam, that exhibits a definite phase relationship between different points...
• Coherent scatteringA type of scattering where the scattered waves from different scattering centers maintain a fixed phase...
• Coherent sourceA source of radiation where the emitted waves maintain a constant phase relationship with each other over...
• Coherent structureAn ordered adsorbed layer whose two-dimensional lattice matches that of the underlying adsorbent surface, so...
• Coherent system of units of measurementA system of units where all derived units are formed from a set of base units without introducing any...
• Coherent unitA unit of measurement that is a derived unit in a given system of units and is formed from the base units of...
• CohortA group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined period, such as birth...
• Cohort analysisThe statistical examination of disease rates or other health outcomes within a specific group of individuals...
• Cohort studyAn observational epidemiological study design that follows a group of individuals (a cohort) over time to...
• Coiled-tube field-flow fractionationA field-flow fractionation technique in which a long tube, usually ten metres or more, is wound into a coil...
• Coil-to-globule transitionA conformational change in a single polymer chain where it collapses from an extended, random coil state into...
• Coincidence circuitAn electronic circuit designed to produce an output signal only when two or more input signals occur...
• Coincidence resolving timeThe maximum time interval within which two or more detected events are considered to be simultaneous or...
• Co-ionsIons in an electrolyte solution that have the same charge sign as the fixed charges on an ion exchanger or...
• CokeA solid, carbonaceous residue produced by the destructive distillation or pyrolysis of coal, petroleum, or...
• Coke breezeA fine-grained fraction of coke, typically less than 10 mm in size, produced during the coking process. It...
• CokingThe formation of carbonaceous deposits, known as coke, on the surface of catalysts or other materials...
• ColA saddle point on a potential-energy surface, representing a transition state between reactants and products...
• Cold autoantibody typeAn autoantibody that reacts optimally with its target antigen at temperatures below 37 °C, often between 0...
• Cold condensation theoryA hypothesis explaining the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), suggesting that...
• Cold crystallisationThe process of crystallization that occurs when an amorphous polymer is heated above its glass transition...
• Cold fibre solid-phase microextractionA variant of solid-phase microextraction where the sorbent-coated fiber is cooled to enhance the adsorption...
• Cold neutronsNeutrons possessing kinetic energies significantly lower than those of thermal neutrons, typically below...
• Collagen arthritisAn autoimmune inflammatory condition characterized by immune system attacks on collagen, a primary structural...
• CollagenousDescribing tissues or structures that are rich in collagen, a fibrous protein that provides structural...
• CollectinA type of soluble pattern recognition receptor belonging to the C-type lectin superfamily, characterized by a...
• CollectionA separation step in which a trace or major constituent is taken out of solution on purpose, either by...
• Collection efficiencyThe fraction of airborne particles or gaseous pollutants that are captured by a sampling device or removal...
• Collection gas flow systemA system for chemical vapour generation in which the gaseous analyte is swept by a carrier gas to a...
• CollectorA substance or device used to gather or concentrate a specific component from a mixture. In environmental...
• Collector slitAn aperture positioned in front of the detector in a magnetic sector mass spectrometer or other scanning mass...
• Collembolan reproduction testA standardized ecotoxicological assay used to assess the effects of chemical substances on the reproductive...
• ColligationThe formation of a covalent bond through the combination of two radicals, where each radical species...
• CollimationThe process of restricting a beam of particles or electromagnetic radiation so that its rays are nearly...
• CollimatorA device used to produce a parallel beam of radiation or particles, or to limit the angular divergence of a...
• Collinear reactionA chemical reaction where the centers of the reacting atoms or molecules are constrained to move along a...
• CollinearityA statistical phenomenon in which two or more predictor variables in a multiple regression model are highly...
• Collision cascadeA series of atomic displacements initiated when an energetic incident particle strikes a target atom...
• Collision cellA region within a tandem mass spectrometer where selected ions are fragmented through collisions with neutral...
• Collision complexA transient species formed when two or more molecules collide and remain in close proximity for a short...
• Collision cross-sectionA measure of the effective area that a particle presents to an incoming projectile for a specific type of...
• Collision densityThe number of molecular collisions occurring per unit volume per unit time within a gas or liquid. This...
• Collision diameterThe effective distance between the centers of two colliding particles at the point of closest approach during...
• Collision efficiencyA measure, used for unimolecular and recombination reactions, of how effectively collisions with a given bath...
• Collision frequencyThe average number of collisions experienced by a single molecule per unit time in a gas or liquid. This...
• Collision gasA neutral gas introduced into a collision cell or reaction chamber within a mass spectrometer. Its purpose is...
• Collision numberThe total number of collisions occurring per unit volume per unit time between all molecules in a system...
• Collision quadrupoleA radiofrequency-only quadrupole mass filter used as a collision cell in tandem mass spectrometry. Ions are...
• Collision reaction cellA specialized chamber in a mass spectrometer where analyte ions interact with a reactive gas, leading to...
• Collision theoryA theoretical model used to explain and predict the rates of chemical reactions, particularly in the gas...
• Collisional activationA process in mass spectrometry where ions are energized by collisions with neutral gas molecules, leading to...
• Collisional broadeningThe widening of spectral lines caused by collisions of an emitting or absorbing atom or molecule with other...
• Collisional excitationThe transfer of energy from the translational motion of colliding particles into the internal energy...
• Collisional focusingA technique in mass spectrometry that uses collisions between ions and a buffer gas to confine and guide ions...
• Collision-induced dissociationA process in mass spectrometry where an ion fragments into smaller ions due to inelastic collisions with...
• ColloidA substance consisting of particles dispersed throughout another substance, where the dispersed particles are...
• Colloid osmotic pressureThe contribution to the total osmotic pressure of a solution that is caused by the presence of colloid-sized...
• Colloid stabiliserA substance that prevents the aggregation or settling of dispersed particles in a colloidal system, thereby...
• ColloidalDescribing a system in which one substance is dispersed uniformly throughout another substance as particles...
• Colloidal carbonFinely divided carbon particles dispersed in a continuous medium, forming a colloidal system. These particles...
• Colloidal crystalAn ordered array of colloidal particles that exhibits a periodic structure, analogous to an atomic crystal...
• Colloidal dispersionA heterogeneous system where finely divided particles, with at least one dimension in the colloidal size...
• Colloidal electrolyteA substance that dissociates in a solvent to form ions, where at least one of the resulting ions is of...
• Colloidal gelA soft, solid-like material formed by the aggregation of colloidal particles into a continuous...
• Colloidal networkA continuous, interconnected structure formed by the aggregation of colloidal particles within a fluid...
• Colloidal processingA method for fabricating materials, particularly ceramics, by controlling the dispersion, aggregation, and...
• Colloidal suspensionA dispersion in which solid particles in the colloidal size range, roughly 1 nm to 1 micrometre, are...
• Colloidally stableDescribing a colloidal system that resists aggregation or sedimentation of its dispersed particles over time...
• Colloidally stable systemA dispersion of particles in a continuous medium where the particles resist aggregation or sedimentation over...
• ColobomaA congenital condition characterized by a gap or defect in one of the ocular structures, resulting from...
• Colony-stimulating factorA group of glycoproteins that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic...
• Color scaleA standardized series of colored solutions or reference materials used to visually assess and quantify the...
• ColorimeterAn instrument used to measure the absorbance of light by a solution at a specific wavelength, allowing for...
• Colour centresLattice defects in ionic crystals that absorb light in the visible region, causing the crystal to appear...
• Colour indicatorA substance that changes color in response to a chemical change, typically a change in pH or the presence of...
• ColourabilityA quantitative measure of the extent of coloration of a photochromic material upon irradiation at a specific...
• ColumnA tube or pipe packed with a stationary phase, through which a mobile phase containing the sample passes in...
• Column chromatographyA chromatographic separation technique where the stationary phase is packed into a column, and the mobile...
• Column diameterThe internal diameter of the tube or pipe that contains the stationary phase in a chromatographic column...
• Column lengthThe physical length of the tube or pipe containing the stationary phase in a chromatographic column. This...
• Column volumeThe total volume occupied by the stationary phase and the interstitial spaces within a chromatographic...
• Columnar phaseA mesophase in which disc-shaped molecules or aggregates stack one on top of another to form columns, and...
• ComaA profound state of unconsciousness from which an individual cannot be aroused, even by painful stimuli. This...
• Comb macromoleculeA macromolecule consisting of a main chain with multiple side chains attached at regular or irregular...
• Comb polymerA polymer characterized by a linear backbone chain with multiple polymeric side chains attached along its...
• CombinationA chain termination mechanism in polymerization where two growing polymer radicals react with each other to...
• Combination electrodeAn electrochemical sensor that integrates both the indicator electrode and the reference electrode into a...
• Combination transitionA vibrational transition in which two or more vibrational quantum numbers change together, so that one photon...
• Combinatorial diversityThe vast repertoire of antigen receptors generated by the somatic recombination of a limited number of gene...
• Combinatorial joiningThe molecular process that creates antigen receptor diversity by randomly selecting and linking one gene...
• Combinatorial libraryA collection of molecules synthesized by combining a set of building blocks in all possible combinations...
• Combined effect of poisonsThe overall biological response resulting from exposure to two or more toxic substances simultaneously or...
• Combined electrodeAn electrochemical sensor where the indicator electrode and the reference electrode are housed within a...
• Combined repeated dose toxicity studyA rodent study, such as the one in OECD Test Guideline 422, that combines a repeated dose toxicity test with...
• Combined rotation and multiple pulse spectroscopyA solid-state NMR method that combines magic-angle spinning with a multiple-pulse sequence such as MREV-8 or...
• Combined sampleA sample obtained by separating specific fractions of the material, for example by sieving or by heavy-liquid...
• Combined techniqueThe use of two or more techniques during the same period on separate samples, the techniques being thermal...
• Combustion gasThe gaseous products resulting from the rapid chemical reaction of a fuel with an oxidant, typically air...
• Comet assayA sensitive and rapid technique used to detect and quantify DNA damage in individual cells. Cells embedded in...
• CometabolismThe metabolic transformation of a substance by microorganisms that do not derive energy or nutrients from the...
• Commensurate-incommensurate transitionA phase transition in a crystal where a modulated structure changes from having a periodicity that is an...
• Common factor analysisA statistical method used to identify underlying, unobservable factors that explain the correlations among a...
• Common variable immunodeficiencyA primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by low levels of most or all immunoglobulin isotypes...
• Common-ion effectThe decrease in the solubility of an ionic precipitate or the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte...
• Communicating hydrocephalusA type of hydrocephalus where the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular system is...
• Communities, see Community
• CommunityA group of interacting populations of different species living in the same area and interacting with each...
• Community conditioning hypothesisA hypothesis suggesting that the long-term exposure of a biological community to a particular stressor, such...
• Community resilienceThe capacity of a biological community to resist disturbance and recover its structure and function after...
• Community resistanceThe ability of a biological community to withstand or remain largely unchanged in the face of an...
• Community stabilityThe ability of a biological community to maintain its structure, species composition, and ecological...
• Community structureThe organization and composition of a biological community, including the number of species present, their...
• Commutability of a reference materialThe ability of a reference material to behave similarly to routine clinical samples when measured by...
• ComonomerA monomer that is polymerized with one or more other distinct monomers to form a copolymer. The incorporation...
• CompactionThe process in early mammalian embryonic development where the loosely arranged blastomeres flatten against...
• Comparative genomicsThe field of biology that analyzes and compares the genomes of different species to understand evolutionary...
• Comparative glycoproteomicsA branch of glycoproteomics that focuses on identifying and quantifying differences in the glycosylation...
• Comparative molecular field analysisA 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) method that correlates the biological activity of a...
• Comparative molecular similarity analysisA computational method used in drug design to correlate the biological activity of a set of molecules with...
• Comparative proteoglycomicsThe systematic analysis of differences in proteoglycans and their associated glycosaminoglycan chains between...
• ComparatorA substance of known composition or activity used as a reference in analytical procedures, particularly in...
• CompartmentA distinct physical or conceptual subdivision within an ecosystem or an organism, characterized by specific...
• Compartmental analysisA mathematical modeling technique used to describe the movement of substances within a biological system by...
• Compartmentalisation behaviourThe isolation of growing radicals in separate latex particles of an emulsion or miniemulsion polymerization...
• CompartmentaliseTo divide a biological system or process into distinct, functionally separate units or compartments. This...
• Compatible polymer blendAn immiscible polymer blend that nonetheless shows macroscopically uniform physical properties, usually...
• CompensationA linear relationship observed between the logarithm of the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy...
• Compensation effectA phenomenon observed in chemical kinetics where changes in activation enthalpy and activation entropy for a...
• CompetenceThe proven capacity of a person to put knowledge and skills to work and obtain the intended outcome in a...
• Competent authorityA governmental agency or other official body legally empowered to perform a designated function or to...
• Competent bacteriaBacterial cells that possess the transient ability to take up and incorporate exogenous DNA from their...
• Competitive binding assayAn analytical method where a labeled analyte and an unlabeled analyte compete for a limited number of binding...
• Competitive exclusionA principle in ecology stating that two species competing for the same limited resources cannot coexist...
• Competitive inhibitionA type of enzyme inhibition where an inhibitor molecule binds reversibly to the active site of an enzyme...
• Competitive inhibition assayA biochemical assay designed to measure the binding affinity of a test substance by its ability to compete...
• ComplementA complex system of proteins in the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic...
• Complement deficiencyAn immunodeficiency characterized by the absence or malfunction of one or more proteins of the complement...
• Complement reactionA cascade of biochemical events involving a series of plasma proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies...
• Complement systemA network of proteins found in blood plasma that works with the immune system to defend against pathogens...
• Complementarity-determining regionA hypervariable segment within the variable regions of antibody and T-cell receptor proteins that directly...
• Complementary DNAA DNA copy of an RNA molecule, made by reverse transcriptase with the RNA as template and then converted to...
• Complementary sequenceA nucleic acid sequence that can form base pairs with another sequence due to specific hydrogen bonding...
• Complete active space self-consistent fieldA multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) method in computational chemistry where the wavefunction...
• Complete active space self-consistent field second-order perturbation theoryA multi-reference method in computational chemistry that adds dynamic electron correlation to a complete...
• Complete genome sequenceThe entire DNA sequence of an organism's genome, including all chromosomes, plasmids, and mitochondrial or...
• Complete linkageA hierarchical clustering method where the distance between two clusters is defined as the maximum distance...
• Complete mineralisationThe ultimate breakdown of organic compounds into their simplest inorganic constituents, such as carbon...
• ComplexAn assembly of two or more chemical species, or portions of a single large species, held together by forces...
• Complex coacervationThe phase separation that occurs when two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes are mixed in an aqueous...
• Complex mechanismA reaction mechanism that involves more than one elementary step, proceeding through a sequence of...
• Complex-mode reactionAn elementary reaction in which the colliding partners form an intermediate complex that lives longer than a...
• Complimentary nichesEcological niches occupied by different species that interact in a way that reduces interspecific competition...
• ComponentA chemically independent constituent of a system whose concentration can be varied independently. The number...
• CompositeA material formed from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical...
• Composite alkalinityThe alkalinity found by titrating with strong acid to the phenolphthalein end point near pH 8.3, which is...
• Composite mechanismA reaction mechanism that consists of a combination of elementary reactions, where the overall stoichiometry...
• Composite membraneA membrane composed of two or more distinct layers, each contributing specific properties to the overall...
• Composite reactionA chemical reaction that proceeds through a sequence of two or more elementary reactions. The overall...
• Composite sampleA sample formed by combining and mixing several individual samples taken from a single source or batch. This...
• Composition of pure airThe relative abundance of the constituent gases in the Earth's atmosphere, excluding water vapor and...
• Compositional depth profileA measurement of the elemental or molecular composition of a material as a function of its depth below the...
• Compositional heterogeneityThe variation in the chemical composition of polymer chains within a sample, or along the length of a single...
• CompostAn organic material produced through the controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, typically by...
• CompostingThe controlled biological process of decomposing organic matter, such as biodegradable polymers, into a...
• Compound collectionA curated library of chemical substances, typically small molecules, used for screening in drug discovery and...
• Comprehensive effect of poisonsThe joint action on an organism of several poisons that reach it at the same time or one after another...
• Comprehensive two-dimensional chromatographyA chromatographic technique that separates analytes in two independent dimensions, with the entire effluent...
• Compressed tabletA solid dosage form containing one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients, with or without excipients...
• ComproportionationA redox reaction in which two species containing the same element in different oxidation states react to form...
• Compton effectThe inelastic scattering of a photon by a charged particle, usually an electron, resulting in a decrease in...
• Compton electronAn electron that has gained kinetic energy and recoiled after an inelastic collision with a photon, as...
• Compton scattering analysisAn analytical technique that measures the energy and angular distribution of photons scattered inelastically...
• Computational chemistryA branch of chemistry that employs computer simulations and theoretical models to solve chemical problems. It...
• Computational photochemistryThe application of theoretical and computational methods to study the electronic structure, dynamics, and...
• Computational toxicologyThe application of computational methods and mathematical models to predict, analyze, and interpret...
• Computer-assisted drug designThe application of computational methods and software tools to facilitate the discovery and development of...
• Computer-assisted molecular designThe use of computational techniques to conceive and develop molecules with specific desired properties or...
• Computer-assisted molecular modelingThe use of computational methods to generate, manipulate, and visualize three-dimensional representations of...
• Conal growth hypothesisA theory describing the developmental process of the outflow tract of the embryonic heart, specifically the...
• Concanavalin AA plant lectin isolated from the jack bean, known for its ability to bind specifically to certain...
• Concave isothermA distribution isotherm whose slope increases continuously with concentration, so the amount held by the...
• Concentrated solutionA polymer solution at a concentration where the domains occupied by individual macromolecules overlap so...
• ConcentrationThe amount of a constituent substance divided by the total volume of the mixture. This quantity expresses how...
• Concentration depolarizationThe reduction in the degree of polarization of emitted fluorescence as the concentration of the fluorophore...
• Concentration distribution ratioA measure of how a component partitions at equilibrium, found by dividing its total concentration per unit...
• Concentration gradientA difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions, leading to a net movement of that...
• Concentration in experimental surfaceThe amount of a component of interest in the region sampled by a surface-sensitive technique, divided by the...
• Concentration overpotentialThe portion of the overpotential at an electrode that arises from changes in the concentration of...
• Concentration-cell corrosionA type of electrochemical corrosion that occurs when two areas of a metal surface are exposed to different...
• Concentration-effect curveA graphical representation illustrating the relationship between the concentration of a substance and the...
• Concentration-effect relationshipThe association between the concentration of a substance to which an organism or biological system is exposed...
• Concentration-response curveA graphical plot that depicts the relationship between the concentration of a chemical or agent and the...
• Concentration-response relationshipThe association between the concentration of a substance and the proportion of an exposed population that...
• Concentration-sensitive detectorA detector in chromatography whose signal is directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte in the...
• Concentric nebulizerA device used in atomic spectroscopy to convert a liquid sample into a fine aerosol by passing it through a...
• ConceptionThe process of fertilization, where a sperm cell successfully fuses with an egg cell, leading to the...
• Conceptual modelA written description and visual representation of the predicted relationships between ecological entities...
• Conceptual model diagramA visual representation that illustrates the key elements of a conceptual model, including stressors...
• Conceptual site modelA visual or written representation of the physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring at a...
• ConceptusThe product of conception, encompassing all structures that develop from the zygote. This includes the embryo...
• Concerted processA set of two or more primitive changes, such as bond breaking and bond making, that take place within the...
• Concerted reactionA reaction in which reactants are converted directly into products in a single step, through one transition...
• ConcordanceThe agreement between a predicted property and an experimentally measured value for a set of chemical...
• Concurrent validityA type of criterion validity that assesses how well a new measurement or test correlates with a previously...
• CondensationThe physical process by which a substance transitions from its gaseous phase to its liquid phase. This occurs...
• Condensation nucleiMicroscopic particles suspended in the atmosphere that provide a surface for water vapor to condense upon...
• Condensation polymerizationA type of polymerization reaction in which monomers react to form a polymer, with the simultaneous...
• Condensation reactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules or functional groups combine to form a larger molecule, with the...
• Condensed formulaA chemical formula that represents the structure of a molecule in a linear fashion, showing all atoms but...
• ConditionAn abiotic environmental factor that influences the functioning of a living organism but is not consumed or...
• Condition factorA quantitative index used in ecotoxicology to assess the health and physiological state of an organism...
• Condition indexA quantitative measure used to assess the physiological state or health of an organism, particularly in...
• Conditional potentialThe observed electrode potential for a half-reaction under specific experimental conditions, such as a...
• Conditioned avoidance response testA behavioral assay used in neurotoxicology to assess learning and memory, particularly the ability of an...
• Conditioned stimulusA previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to...
• ConditioningThe process of treating a phase with a solution to modify its properties before it is used in a chemical...
• Conditioning filmA layer of adsorbed molecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic or inorganic compounds...
• Conditioning solventA solvent passed through a solid-phase extraction sorbent prior to sample loading. The purpose is to wet the...
• Conducting polymerA macromolecule that exhibits electrical conductivity, typically through a conjugated system of alternating...
• Conducting polymer compositeAn electrically conducting composite made of a non-conducting polymer matrix filled with a conducting...
• Conduction bandA range of electron energy levels in a solid material that are largely unoccupied at absolute zero...
• ConductivityA measure of a material's ability to conduct electric current, defined as the reciprocal of its resistivity...
• Conductometric titrationA titration method where the equivalence point is determined by monitoring changes in the electrical...
• ConductometryAn electroanalytical technique that measures the electrical conductivity of a solution, which is directly...
• ConductorA material able to transmit charge carriers, energy or both, with the kind of conductor named by what is...
• Confidence levelThe probability, expressed as a percentage or a decimal fraction, that a calculated confidence interval...
• Confidence limitsThe upper and lower bounds of a confidence interval, which define a range within which the true value of a...
• ConfigurationThe spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule that can only be changed by breaking and reforming chemical...
• Configuration interactionA post-Hartree-Fock method in quantum chemistry that accounts for electron correlation by expressing the true...
• Configurational base unitA constitutional repeating unit of a regular polymer whose configuration is fixed at one or more stereogenic...
• Configurational disorderA structural disorder in a polymer crystal in which different configurational repeating units, for example...
• Configurational homosequenceA sequence of adjacent configurational units in a polymer chain that are identical in their stereochemical...
• Configurational repeating unitThe shortest run of consecutive configurational base units that, repeated, reproduces the configuration of a...
• Configurational sequenceA continuous succession of configurational units within a polymer chain. This sequence describes the...
• Configurational unitA constitutional unit in a polymer chain that possesses at least one site of stereoisomerism, such as a...
• Confined-spaces crystallisationThe process of polymer crystallization that occurs within a restricted geometric environment, such as thin...
• Confirmed hitA compound or substance identified in an initial high-throughput screening as having a desired biological...
• Conformance probabilityThe probability that a measured value or a set of measured values for a characteristic of an item or process...
• ConformationAny one of the spatial arrangements of atoms in a molecule that can be interconverted by rotation about...
• Conformational analysisThe study of the energy and spatial properties of molecules as a function of their conformation. This...
• Conformational disorderA structural disorder in a polymer crystal in which chemically equivalent repeat units adopt different...
• Conformational enthalpyThe change in enthalpy associated with a transition between different conformational states of a polymer...
• Conformational entropyThe entropy associated with the number of possible conformations a polymer chain can adopt. A higher...
• Conformational epitopeAn antigenic determinant on a protein that is formed by amino acid residues that are not contiguous in the...
• Conformational meltingA reversible process where a macromolecule, such as a polymer or biopolymer, transitions from an ordered...
• Conformational transitionA change in the spatial arrangement of atoms within a macromolecule that does not involve the breaking or...
• ConformerA specific spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule that can be interconverted with other such arrangements...
• Conformity assessmentEvaluation of whether a person, organisation, system, process or product meets the requirements laid down for...
• ConfoundingA situation in an epidemiological or experimental study where the observed association between an exposure...
• Confounding variableA variable in a study that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome of interest, and is not an...
• ConfusionA state of impaired consciousness characterized by disorientation, difficulty in focusing attention, and...
• Confusion matrixA tabular summary used to evaluate the performance of a classification model by comparing its predicted...
• CongenerOne of two or more chemical substances related to each other by a common structural parent. Congeners belong...
• CongenicDescribing organisms, particularly strains of laboratory animals like mice, that are genetically identical...
• CongenitalRelating to a condition or characteristic that is present at birth. It can be inherited genetically or...
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasiaA group of inherited disorders affecting the adrenal glands, which are responsible for producing hormones. It...
• Congenital branchial cystA fluid-filled sac that develops in the neck or just below the collarbone, resulting from incomplete...
• Congenital malformationA structural defect present at birth that results from abnormal development during gestation. These...
• Congenital retinoschisisA genetic disorder characterized by the splitting of the retinal layers, typically in the macula, leading to...
• Congruent transitionA phase transition where a solid phase transforms into another phase (solid or liquid) without any change in...
• Conical intersectionA point in the coordinate space of a polyatomic molecule where two or more potential energy surfaces of the...
• Coning and quarteringA manual method for reducing the size of a bulk solid sample while maintaining its representativeness. The...
• Conjoined twinIdentical twins whose bodies are joined together at birth, resulting from the incomplete separation of a...
• ConjugateA molecule or compound built to carry one or several active species, such as a drug, dye or imaging agent...
• Conjugate acid-base pairA pair of chemical species that differ by the gain or loss of a single proton (H+). The acid in the pair...
• Conjugate phasesTwo immiscible phases that are in equilibrium with each other, meaning that the chemical potential of each...
• Conjugate solutionsTwo liquid phases that are in equilibrium with each other, each containing a different concentration of the...
• Conjugated polymerA macromolecule with a backbone structure consisting of alternating single and multiple bonds, such as double...
• Conjugated systemAn arrangement of alternating single and multiple bonds within a molecule, creating a region where electrons...
• ConjugationThe process of genetic recombination in bacteria where genetic material is transferred from a donor bacterium...
• Conjugation labellingA method of introducing a radioactive label into a molecule by forming a covalent bond between the molecule...
• ConjunctivaA transparent mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior surface of...
• Conjunctive nameA name formed by joining the name of a ring system to the name of a functionalized acyclic parent hydride...
• ConjunctivitisAn inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers...
• Connective tissueA type of animal tissue that supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs in the...
• ConnectivityThe description of the bonding sequence between atoms in a molecule, specifying which atoms are bonded to...
• Co-nonsolvencyA phenomenon where a polymer that is soluble in two individual solvents becomes insoluble when these two...
• ConsciousRelating to a state of awareness of oneself and one's environment, including the ability to perceive stimuli...
• Consecutive reaction monitoringA mass spectrometry technique that involves monitoring a series of fragmentation reactions in sequence...
• Consecutive reactionsA series of chemical reactions where the product of one step becomes the reactant for the next step. The...
• Consensus property valueA property value assigned to a material based on the agreement of results from multiple independent...
• ConservationThe set of operations required to maintain the integrity of a material and its properties between its...
• Conservation biologyA multidisciplinary scientific field that addresses the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biodiversity...
• Conservation ecologyA sub-discipline of ecology that applies ecological principles to the conservation of biodiversity and...
• Conservation of orbital symmetryA principle stating that in a concerted reaction, the symmetry of the molecular orbitals of the reactants...
• Conservative assessment of riskAn evaluation of potential harm that deliberately overestimates the risk to human health or the environment...
• ConsignmentMaterial delivered in a single shipment under one set of shipping papers, which may contain one or more lots...
• ConsistencyThe property of a material that describes its resistance to deformation by a mechanical force, particularly...
• Constant geneA gene that codes for the constant region of an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor chain. It is joined to a...
• Constant neutral mass gain spectrumA mass spectrum recorded by scanning a range of precursor ions that, upon fragmentation, form product ions by...
• Constant neutral mass loss spectrumA mass spectrum generated by scanning the first and second mass analyzers of a tandem mass spectrometer...
• Constant oscillation-amplitude methodA rheological technique used to characterize the viscoelastic properties of materials, particularly polymers...
• Constant regionThe relatively invariant portion of an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor polypeptide chain, located at the...
• Constant time evolutionA technique in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy where the duration of a specific period within a...
• ConstitutionThe description of the sequence of atoms and the types of bonds connecting them in a molecule. It defines...
• Constitutional heterogeneityThe variation in constitution from one macromolecule to another in a polymer whose molecules all have the...
• Constitutional homosequenceA constitutional sequence within a macromolecule that is composed of only a single species of constitutional...
• Constitutional isomerismA form of isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity or...
• Constitutional sequenceA defined portion of a macromolecule comprising a specific succession of one or more species of...
• Constitutional unitAn atom or group of atoms, with its associated bonds, that forms part of the structure of a macromolecule...
• Constitutive activityThe intrinsic activity of a receptor in the absence of any ligand binding, indicating that the receptor can...
• Constitutive enzymesEnzymes that are synthesized by an organism at a relatively constant level, irrespective of the metabolic...
• Construct validityThe degree to which a test or measurement method accurately assesses the theoretical construct it is designed...
• Contact allergenA substance that induces an allergic reaction upon direct contact with the skin or mucous membranes. These...
• Contact angleThe angle formed at the interface where a liquid, gas, and solid phase meet, measured within the liquid...
• Contact corrosionLocalized electrochemical corrosion that occurs when two dissimilar metals are in electrical contact and...
• Contact dermatitisAn inflammatory skin condition resulting from direct contact with an irritating or allergenic substance. It...
• Contact holeA cylindrical via or opening patterned into a photoresist layer during a lithographic process, designed to...
• Contact hypersensitivityA delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system that occurs after skin exposure to a...
• Contact poisonA toxic substance that exerts its harmful effects through direct absorption upon external contact with an...
• Contact potential differenceThe difference in electrostatic potential that arises when two dissimilar conducting materials are brought...
• Contact sensitivityA delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system that occurs after direct skin exposure to a...
• Contact urticariaA localized skin reaction characterized by the rapid appearance of wheals, erythema, and itching following...
• ContainmentThe measures and practices implemented to prevent the release or spread of hazardous biological, chemical, or...
• ContaminantAny chemical, physical, or biological agent unintentionally introduced into a material or environment where...
• ContaminationThe introduction or presence of an undesirable substance into a material, environment, or organism, rendering...
• Content validityThe extent to which a measurement instrument or test adequately covers all relevant aspects of the construct...
• Contingency tableA tabular display of the frequency distribution of variables, typically used to examine the relationship...
• Continuity inversionA phenomenon observed in liquid-liquid extraction where the dispersed phase becomes the continuous phase, and...
• Continuous analyserAn instrument designed to measure the concentration of a specific chemical component in a sample stream...
• Continuous bed packingA type of chromatographic column packing material that forms a single, monolithic structure within the column...
• Continuous dynode particle multiplierA device used in mass spectrometry for detecting ions, consisting of a continuous resistive surface shaped to...
• Continuous effectA measurable biological response that can manifest at any point along a quantitative scale, rather than as an...
• Continuous emulsion polymerisationAn emulsion polymerization process conducted in a continuous reactor, where reactants are continuously fed...
• Continuous extractionA method where a fresh portion of extracting solvent is continuously brought into contact with the sample, or...
• Continuous flow enthalpimetryA thermometric analytical technique where the enthalpy change of a chemical reaction is measured in a...
• Continuous indication analyserAn instrument that provides an uninterrupted, real-time output signal corresponding to the concentration of a...
• Continuous liquid-liquid extractionA technique for separating components from a liquid mixture by continuously passing a fresh portion of an...

1,366 of 13,676 terms in Chemistry terminology (MLC-0109). Request the full dataset.