Chemistry terminology · MLC-0109

Chemistry terms: M (952)

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Micro-emulsion polymerisationA polymerization process conducted within the nanometer-sized droplets of a micro-emulsion system. The small...
Micro-encapsulationA process of enclosing solid, liquid, or gaseous substances within a small capsule, typically ranging from a...
MicroevolutionA change in allele frequencies within a population over a relatively short period, typically occurring over a...
Microextraction (methology)A methodology encompassing a set of miniaturized sample preparation techniques designed to isolate and...
Microextraction (packed sorbent)An extraction technique where a small amount of sorbent material is packed into a confined space, such as a...
Microextraction (technique)A specific analytical technique that involves the miniaturization of an extraction process, often by reducing...
MicrofabricationThe process of creating structures and devices with dimensions in the micrometer range, often involving...
MicrofiltrationA membrane separation process that uses a porous membrane to remove suspended particles, bacteria, and large...
Microflow injection analysis extraction deviceA miniaturized analytical system that integrates a microflow injection manifold with an extraction component...
Microfluidic extraction deviceA miniaturized apparatus that performs extraction operations using channels with dimensions on the micrometer...
MicrofluidicsThe science and technology of systems that process or manipulate small amounts of fluids, using channels with...
Microfold cellAn epithelial cell of the follicle-associated epithelium that overlies Peyer's patches and other mucosal...
MicrogelA crosslinked polymer network that exists as a discrete, colloidal particle, typically in the size range of...
Microglial cellA type of glial cell that functions as the primary resident immune cell of the central nervous system...
MicrogliosisThe proliferation and activation of microglial cells in response to central nervous system injury, infection...
MicroglobulinAny small globular protein of low molecular mass found in blood plasma and on cell surfaces, distinct from...
MicroglossiaA congenital condition characterized by an abnormally small or rudimentary tongue. This rare developmental...
MicrognathiaA congenital condition characterized by an abnormally small lower jaw, or mandible, relative to the rest of...
MicroheterogeneityThe existence of multiple molecular forms of a glycoprotein or other biomolecule that differ slightly in...
MicrolithographyA patterning technique used to create microscale features on a substrate by selectively exposing a...
Micromass cultureA cell culture technique where a high density of cells is seeded in a small volume to promote cell-to-cell...
MicromercurialismA form of chronic mercury poisoning resulting from long-term exposure to low concentrations of mercury vapor...
MicrometeorologyThe branch of meteorology concerned with the study of atmospheric processes and phenomena on a small scale...
MicromoldingA fabrication technique for creating microscale or nanoscale structures by replicating a master pattern, or...
Micro-networkA polymer network with overall dimensions from about 1 nanometre to 1 micrometre, small enough to exist as a...
Micronucleus testA cytogenetic assay used to detect chromosomal damage or aneuploidy in cells by identifying micronuclei...
MicroparticleA particle measuring from 0.1 to 100 micrometres across, a range also written as 1E-7 to 1E-4 metres, so its...
MicrophallusA congenital condition characterized by an abnormally small but correctly formed penis, with the internal...
MicrophotometerAn instrument designed to measure the intensity of light transmitted through a small area of a photographic...
MicrophthalmiaA congenital developmental disorder in which one or both eyeballs are abnormally small. The condition results...
MicrophyteA microscopic plant, a term that broadly includes photosynthetic microorganisms such as microalgae and...
MicroplateA flat, rectangular plate containing a grid of small depressions called wells, which function as miniature...
Microplate standardsA set of dimensional specifications, published as ANSI/SLAS standards 1 to 4, that fix the footprint, height...
MicroporeA pore within a material having an internal width of less than 2 nanometers. This classification...
Micropore fillingA mechanism of adsorption where gas molecules condense within very narrow pores (micropores) at pressures...
Micropore volumeThe total volume contained within the micropores of a solid material, typically an adsorbent. This value is...
Microporous carbonA type of carbon material characterized by a high proportion of pores with widths less than 2 nanometers...
Microporous particleA particle containing pores with diameters of less than 2 nanometers. These pores create a very high internal...
MicroproteinaemiaThe chronic presence of low-molecular-weight proteins, notably alpha-1 microglobulin and beta-2...
microRNAA class of small, non-coding ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that regulate gene expression at the...
MicrosatelliteShort tandem repeat sequences of DNA, typically 2-6 base pairs long, that are highly polymorphic and widely...
Microscopic cross-sectionA measure of the probability that a single nucleus will undergo a specific nuclear reaction when exposed to a...
Microscopic diffusion controlA situation in a chemical reaction where the rate is limited by the diffusion of reactants to the immediate...
Microscopic electrophoresisA technique used to observe the movement of individual colloidal particles or biological cells in an electric...
Microscopic kineticsThe study of chemical reaction rates and mechanisms at the atomic or molecular level, focusing on the...
Microscopic polyangiitisA systemic autoimmune disease characterized by necrotizing vasculitis, an inflammation that damages the walls...
Microscopic reversibility at equilibriumA principle stating that at equilibrium, every elementary process and its reverse process occur at the same...
MicrosomeA subcellular fraction of eukaryotic cells obtained by differential centrifugation of homogenized tissue...
MicrosphereA spherical microparticle that has no membrane or distinct outer layer, with dimensions between roughly 0.1...
MicrostomiaA congenital or acquired condition characterized by an abnormally small mouth opening. This reduction in the...
MicrostructureThe structure of a material at the micrometre scale, in which at least one feature, such as a phase domain...
Micro-suspension polymerisationA suspension polymerization in which the monomer droplets, and so the resulting particles, are only a few...
MicrosyneresisThe localized expulsion of solvent from a polymer gel or network, occurring on a microscopic scale. This...
Microtox® testA bioassay that measures the toxicity of environmental samples by observing the light output of the...
Microwave acid digestionA sample preparation technique that uses microwave energy to rapidly heat and digest samples in strong acid...
Microwave cavityA resonant metallic cavity that focuses a microwave field onto a discharge tube so that a standing wave...
Microwave-assisted extractionAn extraction technique that employs microwave energy to heat a solvent and sample mixture, enhancing the...
Middle atmosphereThe region of the Earth's atmosphere situated above the troposphere and below the thermosphere, encompassing...
MidgutThe middle part of the embryonic gut tube, which gives rise to the distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum...
Midstream samplingA method of collecting a urine sample where the initial and final portions of the urine stream are discarded...
Mie scatteringElastic scattering of light by spherical particles whose diameter is about the same as the wavelength or...
MigraineA severe type of headache characterized by throbbing pain, often on one side of the head, accompanied by...
Migrainous infarctionA type of ischemic stroke that occurs during a migraine attack with aura, where neurological symptoms persist...
MigrationThe intramolecular movement of an atom or group of atoms from one position to another within the same...
Migration currentThe portion of the total current in an electrochemical cell that arises from the movement of charged species...
Migration timeThe time that elapses between injection of a sample into a separation capillary and the arrival of an analyte...
Migration time of micellesThe duration required for micelles, which are aggregates of surfactant molecules, to travel a specific...
Migratory aptitudeA measure of the relative tendency of different groups to migrate during a rearrangement reaction. This...
Migratory insertionA fundamental reaction in organometallic chemistry where a ligand, typically an alkyl or aryl group, migrates...
MilliA prefix in the International System of Units (SI) denoting a factor of 10⁻³, or one thousandth. It is...
Milligram equivalent of readabilityA measure of the smallest mass difference that can be reliably detected and displayed by a balance, expressed...
Millimetre of mercuryA non-SI unit of pressure, historically defined as the pressure exerted by a column of mercury one millimeter...
MillingThe mechanical process of reducing the particle size of a solid material through grinding, crushing, or...
Minamata diseaseA neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning, specifically from the consumption of fish and...
MineralizationThe process by which an organic substance is converted into inorganic substances or becomes impregnated with...
MiniaturisationThe process of reducing the physical size of an assay or analytical system, particularly in the context of...
Mini-emulsionA stable dispersion of very small droplets, typically 50 to 500 nanometers in diameter, of a monomer or...
Mini-emulsion polymerisationA polymerization process conducted in a mini-emulsion, where monomer droplets, stabilized by a surfactant and...
Minimal risk levelA health-based screening value from the ATSDR giving the dose, per day, of a hazardous chemical that is...
Minimal time to effect or responseThe shortest duration of exposure to a substance or condition required for a detectable biological effect or...
Minimum consumption timeThe shortest period during which a sample must be continuously introduced into an analytical instrument, such...
Minimum density of states criterionA principle in unimolecular reaction rate theory, particularly within the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus...
Minimum effective plasma concentrationThe lowest concentration of a drug in blood plasma that is required to produce a therapeutic effect in a...
Minimum inhibitory concentrationThe lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that inhibits the visible growth of a microorganism after...
Minimum lethal concentrationThe smallest concentration in water, air or soil that kills even one exposed test organism under stated...
Minimum lethal doseThe smallest dose of a substance that kills even one treated test animal under stated conditions, recorded in...
Minimum sample sizeThe smallest mass or volume of a test sample that is representative of the original material and sufficient...
Minimum significant differenceThe smallest difference between the mean of a control group and the mean of a treatment group that is...
Minimum structural change, principle ofThe principle that a reaction is expected to occur with the fewest bond changes, meaning the fewest bonds...
Minimum viable populationThe smallest number of individuals of a species that has a high probability of persisting for a specified...
Minimum-energy reaction pathThe trajectory on a potential energy surface that connects reactants to products through the lowest energy...
MinisatelliteA region of DNA consisting of tandemly repeated nucleotide sequences, typically 10 to 100 base pairs in...
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventoryA standardized psychometric test designed to assess personality traits and psychopathology. It consists of...
Minor histocompatibility antigenPeptides derived from polymorphic cellular proteins that, when presented by major histocompatibility complex...
MinuteA unit of time equal to sixty seconds, commonly used for measuring durations shorter than an hour. It is also...
MiosisThe constriction of the pupil of the eye, resulting in a smaller pupil diameter. This physiological response...
MiscibilityThe ability of components, such as two polymers, to form one homogeneous phase within particular windows of...
Miscibility gapThe region of a temperature-composition or pressure-composition phase diagram, enclosed by the coexistence...
MiscibleDescribing two or more liquids that can be mixed in any proportion to form a homogeneous solution. This...
Misclassification rateThe proportion of samples that are incorrectly assigned to a category or class by a classification model...
Misfolded proteinA protein that has failed to achieve its correct three-dimensional structure, or has adopted an aberrant...
MistA dispersion of fine liquid droplets suspended in a gas, forming a type of aerosol. Mist droplets are...
MiticideA chemical substance specifically designed to kill mites, which are small arthropods related to ticks and...
MitochondriaMembrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, often referred to as the 'powerhouses'...
Mitochondrial membrane potentialThe electrical potential difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane, generated by the pumping of...
MitochondrionA double-membraned organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, responsible for generating the majority of the...
MitogenA chemical substance that induces cell division, particularly in lymphocytes, leading to proliferation. These...
Mitogen-activated protein kinaseA family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that respond to extracellular stimuli and regulate...
MitophagyThe selective degradation of mitochondria through the process of autophagy, a cellular quality control...
MitosisThe process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells, where a parent cell's replicated chromosomes are...
Mixed ceramicA ceramic in which two or more phases, each an oxide, nitride or carbide of a metal, form co-continuous...
Mixed connective tissue diseaseA systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by features of several connective tissue diseases, including...
Mixed crystalA solid solution in which two or more different chemical compounds crystallize together in a single...
Mixed energy releaseA characteristic of a chemical reaction where the energy released during the process is distributed among...
Mixed indicatorA solution containing a mixture of two or more indicator dyes, chosen such that their combined color change...
Mixed labelledDescribing a specifically labelled compound whose molecules carry isotopic modification at more than one kind...
Mixed lymphocyte responseAn in vitro immunological assay used to assess the histocompatibility between two individuals, typically by...
Mixed neuropathyA condition affecting both sensory and motor nerve fibers, leading to a combination of sensory deficits and...
Mixed potentialThe steady-state potential established on an electrode when two or more electrochemical reactions occur...
Mixed-mode sorbentA sorbent material that possesses two or more distinct retention mechanisms, such as both reversed-phase and...
MixingThe process of combining two or more distinct substances to achieve a uniform distribution of their...
Mixing controlA condition in a chemical reaction where the overall rate is limited by the speed at which reactants are...
Mixing heightThe vertical extent of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface within which pollutants and other atmospheric...
Mixing ratioA measure of the concentration of a component within a mixture, defined as the ratio of the mass of a...
Mixing zoneA designated area in a body of water where a discharge of effluent is allowed to mix with the receiving...
MixtureA substance containing two or more distinct chemical species or substances that are not chemically bonded to...
MLCTAn abbreviation for metal to ligand charge transfer, referring to an electronic transition in coordination...
Mobile adsorptionAdsorption in which the adsorbed molecules keep some freedom to travel over the surface, more so as the...
Mobile phaseThe fluid that moves through a chromatographic system, carrying the sample components along with it. This...
Mobile-phase speedThe linear velocity of the mobile phase moving through a chromatographic column, calculated as the column...
Mobile-phase velocityThe average linear speed at which the mobile phase travels through a chromatographic column. This velocity is...
Mobile-phase volumeThe total volume of the mobile phase contained within the entire chromatographic column, including the volume...
MobilityThe steady-state drift velocity of a charged particle or ion moving through a medium, divided by the...
Möbius aromaticityA type of aromaticity found in cyclic systems where there is a single twist in the p-orbital overlap...
ModeThe value that appears most frequently in a set of measurements or observations. In statistical analysis, it...
ModelA simplified representation of a system or process, often expressed mathematically, that aims to describe...
Model errorThe discrepancy between the predictions of a mathematical or statistical model and the true underlying...
Model networkA polymer network with a well-defined and controlled structure, often synthesized to have specific...
Mode-locked laserA laser that generates extremely short optical pulses of light, on the order of picoseconds or femtoseconds...
ModerationThe process of reducing the kinetic energy of fast neutrons, typically through elastic and inelastic...
ModeratorA material used in nuclear reactors to slow down fast neutrons produced by fission reactions. These...
Modified active solidAn active solid whose surface has been intentionally altered through chemical reaction or by the deposition...
Modified Arrhenius equationAn empirical equation that extends the basic Arrhenius equation to account for temperature dependence in the...
Modified Auger parameterA parameter used in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) that...
Modified releaseA characteristic of a pharmaceutical dosage form designed to alter the rate or place of drug release in the...
Modified sampleMaterial drawn from the parent population, whole or as a fraction of known size, in which the analyte has...
ModifierA substance added to a solvent extraction system to alter the properties of the organic phase, such as its...
Modulated heat flowThe heat flow signal obtained in modulated-temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MT-DSC), which is...
Modulated techniqueAn experimental method in which a perturbation applied to a sample is varied in a periodic manner, typically...
Modulated temperature techniqueA thermal analysis method where the sample temperature is subjected to a sinusoidal or other periodic...
Modulated-temperature DSCA thermal analysis technique that superimposes a small, oscillating temperature perturbation on the...
Modulation numberThe number of times a band from the first-dimension column is sampled by the modulator during its elution in...
Modulation periodThe duration of one complete cycle of modulation in a chromatographic system. This is the inverse of the...
ModulatorA device in two-dimensional chromatography that collects, concentrates, and periodically injects fractions of...
Modulus of elasticityA material property that quantifies its stiffness or resistance to elastic deformation under stress. It is...
Mohr amplification processA chemical amplification reaction sequence that increases the analytical signal by generating multiple...
MoietyA distinct part of a molecule that is often recognized as a functional group or a structural fragment. It...
Moistening agentsLiquids such as water or short-chain alcohols that are added to powders to wet them, as in wet granulation...
MOL file formatA standard text-based file format used to represent chemical structures, including atoms, bonds, and their...
MolalityA measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, defined as the amount of solute (in moles) per unit...
MolarAn adjective used to denote an extensive physical quantity divided by the amount of substance. This creates...
Molar absorption coefficientA quantitative measure of how strongly a chemical species absorbs light at a particular wavelength. It...
Molar activityThe total activity of a specific radionuclide divided by the total number of moles of the substance...
Molar activity (material), see Molar activity
Molar decadic absorption coefficientA measure of how strongly a chemical species absorbs light at a particular wavelength, normalized by its...
Molar ellipticityA measure of the ellipticity of polarized light after passing through a chiral sample, normalized by the...
Molar massThe mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole. For a polymer, it is the sum of the atomic...
Molar Napierian absorption coefficientA measure of the intrinsic ability of a substance to absorb light at a specific wavelength, based on the...
Molar refractionA measure of the total polarizability of a mole of a substance at a specific wavelength of light. It is...
MolarityA measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, defined as the amount of substance of solute per...
Molar-mass averageA statistical average of the molar masses within a polymer sample, reflecting the distribution of different...
Molar-mass dispersityA measure of the breadth of the molar mass distribution in a polymer sample, indicating the heterogeneity of...
Molar-mass exclusion limitThe maximum molar mass of a polymer that can penetrate the pores of a given chromatographic stationary phase...
MoleThe SI base unit of amount of substance, defined since 2019 as exactly 6.02214076 × 10^23 elementary...
Mole percentA unit of concentration defined as the number of moles of a specific component in a mixture or solution...
Mole ratioA dimensionless quotient, r12 = n1/n2, where n1 and n2 are the amounts of substance of a first and a second...
Molecular beam mass spectrometryA form of mass spectrometry in which the gas to be analyzed is drawn through a small orifice, often by...
Molecular beamsStreams of neutral molecules or atoms traveling through a vacuum with well-defined velocities and directions...
Molecular conformationThe spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule that can be interconverted by rotation about single bonds...
Molecular connectivity indexA topological descriptor derived from the connectivity of atoms within a molecule, reflecting its branching...
Molecular descriptorA numerical value that quantifies a specific physicochemical property or structural feature of a molecule...
Molecular designThe process of creating novel molecules with desired properties or functions by manipulating their chemical...
Molecular diversityThe range of distinct chemical structures present within a collection of molecules, such as a compound...
Molecular dynamicsA computational simulation technique for studying the physical movements of atoms and molecules over time...
Molecular effusion separatorA GC-MS interface in which the gas chromatograph effluent flows through a porous glass tube inside an...
Molecular encapsulationThe process of enclosing a guest molecule within a host molecule or a molecular assembly, forming a stable...
Molecular entityAny chemically or isotopically distinct particle, regardless of its charge or complexity. This classification...
Molecular epidemiologyThe application of molecular biology techniques to epidemiological studies, investigating the interaction...
Molecular fingerprintsBit string representations of chemical structures, where each bit corresponds to the presence or absence of...
Molecular formulaA chemical formula that indicates the exact number of atoms of each element present in a single molecule of a...
Molecular fragmentAn ion or neutral species formed by the dissociation of a molecule, often as a result of ionization or other...
Molecular glassAn amorphous solid material composed of discrete, relatively small organic molecules that lack long-range...
Molecular graphA representation of a molecule as a set of vertices and edges, where vertices correspond to atoms and edges...
Molecular graph theoryA branch of chemical graph theory that applies mathematical graph theory concepts to model and analyze...
Molecular graphicsThe use of computer graphics to visualize and manipulate three-dimensional representations of molecules. This...
Molecular imageA two- or three-dimensional representation of the spatial distribution of specific molecules or molecular...
Molecular imprinted polymersSynthetic polymers engineered with specific recognition sites that are complementary in shape and chemical...
Molecular imprintingA technique for creating polymers with specific recognition sites for a target molecule. This involves...
Molecular ionAn ion formed by removing electrons from a molecule, giving a positive ion, or adding electrons to it, giving...
Molecular kineticsThe study of chemical reaction rates and mechanisms at the level of individual molecular encounters and...
Molecular laserA gas laser in which the lasing medium consists of molecules and the gain arises from transitions between...
Molecular logic gateA molecular system that performs logical operations based on chemical or physical inputs, producing a...
Molecular mechanics calculationA computational method that uses classical physics to model the potential energy surface of molecules...
Molecular metalA class of materials composed of discrete molecular units that exhibit metallic conductivity, rather than...
Molecular mimicryA mechanism in which an epitope of a pathogen resembles one of the host's own molecules closely enough that...
Molecular modelingA collection of computational techniques used to simulate the behavior of molecules and molecular systems...
Molecular nucleationThe opening stage of polymer crystallization, in which a short segment of a single macromolecule crystallizes...
Molecular orbitalA mathematical function describing the wave-like behavior of an electron within a molecule. This function...
Molecular orbital theoryA quantum mechanical model that describes the electronic structure of molecules by considering electrons to...
Molecular orientationThe spatial arrangement of a molecule or a specific part of a molecule relative to a fixed coordinate system...
Molecular rearrangementA chemical reaction involving the migration of an atom or group from one position to another within the same...
Molecular recognitionThe specific interaction between two or more molecules through non-covalent forces, such as hydrogen bonding...
Molecular Rydberg stateAn excited electronic state of a molecule where one electron is promoted to a high-lying orbital, resembling...
Molecular shapeThe three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule, determined by bond lengths, bond angles, and...
Molecular shape of lipidsThe overall geometric form adopted by lipid molecules, which is influenced by the relative sizes of their...
Molecular shuttleA rotaxane or pseudorotaxane whose macrocyclic ring can slide along the threaded axle between two or more...
Molecular sieve effectThe phenomenon where a porous material selectively adsorbs or allows passage of molecules based on their size...
Molecular similarityA quantitative measure of how alike two molecules are based on their structural, physicochemical, or...
Molecular spectraThe characteristic patterns of absorbed or emitted electromagnetic radiation that arise from transitions...
Molecular spectroscopyThe study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and molecules, resulting in the absorption...
Molecular switchA molecule that can exist in two or more stable states and can be reversibly interconverted between these...
Molecular targetA specific molecule within a biological system, such as a protein or nucleic acid, that is directly involved...
Molecular templateA molecule that directs the formation of another molecule or a supramolecular assembly by providing a...
Molecular wiresLinear, chain-like molecules or molecular assemblies designed to conduct electrical current from one end to...
MolecularityThe number of reactant molecules or atoms that participate in a single elementary step of a chemical...
Molecularly imprinted polymer sorbentA polymeric material engineered with specific recognition sites that are complementary in shape, size, and...
MoleculeA discrete, electrically neutral entity consisting of at least two atoms held together by covalent bonds. It...
MolfileA text file holding the connection table of one molecule, listing its atoms with element types and...
MolluskicideA chemical substance specifically designed to kill mollusks, such as snails and slugs. These agents are...
MolozonidesUnstable five-membered cyclic peroxides, 1,2,3-trioxolanes, that are the primary products of ozone adding...
Moment of a forceA measure of the tendency of a force to cause rotation about a specific point or axis. It is calculated as...
Moment of inertiaA measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotational motion, analogous to mass in linear motion...
MomentumA vector quantity representing the motion of a particle or object, calculated as the product of its mass and...
Momentum separatorA device that separates components of a gas mixture based on differences in their momentum, typically...
Momentum spectrumA plot showing the distribution of ion abundance as a function of their momentum-to-charge ratio (mv/z). This...
MonitoringThe systematic and continuous observation and measurement of environmental, biological, or chemical...
Monitoring testA procedure conducted to determine the concentration or effects of a substance within a specific...
MonochromatorAn optical device that selects a narrow band of wavelengths from a broader spectrum of light. It typically...
MonoclonalRelating to a population of cells or molecules that are all derived from a single ancestral cell or molecule...
Monoclonal antibodiesAntibodies produced by identical immune cells that are all clones of a single parent cell, meaning they bind...
MonocyteA type of large white blood cell, or leukocyte, characterized by a kidney-shaped nucleus and granular...
Monodisperse aerosol generating interface for chromatographyAn interface that connects a liquid chromatograph to a detector by converting the column effluent into a...
Monodisperse mediumA colloidal system or other particulate material in which the dispersed particles are of uniform size, shape...
Mono-energetic radiationRadiation composed of particles or photons that all possess the same kinetic energy. This type of radiation...
Monoisotopic elementAn element that has only one stable, naturally occurring isotope. As a result, its standard atomic weight is...
Monoisotopic massThe mass of a molecule calculated using the exact masses of its most abundant naturally occurring isotopes...
Monoisotopic mass spectrumA mass spectrum where the signal for each ion corresponds to the mass of the molecule or fragment containing...
MonokineA type of cytokine produced and secreted primarily by monocytes and macrophages in response to stimuli such...
MonolayerA film that is one molecule or one atom thick, representing the thinnest possible layer of a substance on a...
Monolayer capacityThe maximum amount of adsorbate that can form a complete monolayer on the surface of an adsorbent. This value...
MonolithA shaped, fabricated article in one piece whose microstructure is homogeneous, with no components resolvable...
Monolithic columnA type of chromatographic column where the stationary phase consists of a single, continuous porous rod...
MonomerA molecule that can undergo polymerization, thereby contributing constitutional units to the structure of a...
Monomer moleculeA molecule of low molecular mass that is capable of undergoing polymerization to form a polymer. This...
Monomer reactivity ratiosParameters that describe the relative rates at which a growing polymer chain end, terminated by a specific...
Monomer reactivity scaleA quantitative system used to predict the relative reactivity of different monomers in copolymerization...
Monomer-flooded emulsion polymerisationAn emulsion polymerization run with a semi-continuous feed, in which monomer is added faster than it is...
Monomer-starved emulsion polymerisationAn emulsion polymerization process where the rate of monomer addition to the reactor is lower than the...
Mononuclear phagocyte systemA network of phagocytic cells comprising blood monocytes, tissue macrophages and their precursors, found in...
MonooxygenaseAn enzyme that incorporates one atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate, while the other oxygen atom is...
MonophthalmosA congenital developmental anomaly characterized by the absence of one eye. This condition results from a...
MonosaccharidesThe simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit that cannot be...
MonosomyA chromosomal abnormality where an organism has only one copy of a particular chromosome, instead of the...
MonospecificityThe property of an antiserum or antibody preparation of reacting only with its designated antigen, with no...
Monotectic reactionA reversible invariant reaction in a binary or multicomponent system where a liquid phase transforms into a...
Monotectoid reactionA reversible invariant reaction in a solid-state system where one solid phase transforms into two other...
Monotectoid temperatureThe specific temperature at which a monotectoid reaction occurs in a solid-state system. At this invariant...
MonoterpenoidsTerpenoids built on a ten-carbon skeleton from two isoprene units, including hydrocarbons of formula C10H16...
Monotropic transitionA phase transition that proceeds in only one direction, meaning the reverse transition does not occur under...
Monro-Kellie hypothesisA doctrine stating that the cranial vault is a rigid, non-expandable container, and therefore the sum of the...
Monte Carlo methodA computational technique that uses random sampling to estimate numerical results, such as integrals or...
Monte Carlo studyA computational method that uses random sampling to obtain numerical results, particularly for problems that...
Montreal protocolAn international environmental treaty designed to protect the Earth's ozone layer by phasing out the...
Moore’s lawAn observation that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years...
MorbidityThe state of being diseased, or the extent of illness in a population, as opposed to mortality, which counts...
Morbidity rateA statistical measure indicating the frequency of disease or illness in a defined population over a specified...
Morbidity surveyAn epidemiological study designed to determine the prevalence or incidence of a specific disease or health...
MordantA substance that forms a stable complex with a dye, thereby fixing the dye to a substrate, such as a...
More O'Ferrall-Jencks diagramA two-dimensional reaction coordinate diagram that illustrates the energy changes during a chemical reaction...
Morin transitionA first-order magnetic phase transition observed in hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) where the orientation of...
MorphineAn opioid analgesic, naturally occurring in the opium poppy, that acts as a potent agonist at mu-opioid...
MorphodynamicsThe study of how landform or seabed topography and the flow of water or air adjust to each other through the...
MorphogenA signaling molecule that emanates from a localized source and forms a concentration gradient across a...
MorphogenesisThe biological process by which an organism develops its shape and structure, involving the coordinated...
MorphologicalRelating to the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts, without regard to function...
MorphologyThe physical form, shape, and internal structure of a material, particularly referring to the arrangement of...
Morphology coarseningA process in multiphase polymer systems where the average size of the dispersed phase domains increases over...
Morphotropic transitionAn abrupt change of crystal structure in a solid solution as its composition is varied across the series...
Morse potentialA mathematical model used to describe the potential energy of a diatomic molecule as a function of the...
MortalityThe state of being subject to death, or the number of deaths in a given population over a specific period. It...
Mortality studyAn epidemiological investigation that examines the causes of death in a specific population over a defined...
MorulaAn early-stage embryo consisting of a solid ball of cells, resulting from the cleavage of a zygote. This...
MosaicismThe presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual, originating from...
Mössbauer effectThe recoil-free emission and resonant absorption of gamma rays by atomic nuclei bound in a solid lattice...
Mössbauer spectrometryA spectroscopic technique that probes the hyperfine interactions between an atomic nucleus and its...
Mössbauer thicknessA dimensionless parameter in Mössbauer spectroscopy that quantifies the effective thickness of an absorber...
Most probable distributionA statistical distribution of polymer chain lengths or molecular weights that arises under specific...
Most-sensitive-species approachA method used in ecotoxicology to determine environmental quality standards by focusing on the species most...
Motor activityThe sum of all voluntary and involuntary movements performed by an organism. It encompasses a range of...
Motor coordinationThe ability to execute smooth, accurate, and controlled movements, involving the harmonious interaction of...
Motor cortexA region of the cerebral cortex located in the frontal lobe, primarily responsible for planning, controlling...
Motor endplateA specialized region of the muscle fiber membrane that forms a synapse with the axon terminal of a motor...
Motor neuronA nerve cell that originates in the central nervous system and extends its axon to a muscle or gland, thereby...
Motor neuron diseaseA group of progressive neurological disorders characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons, leading to...
Motor systemThe parts of the central and peripheral nervous system that are responsible for controlling voluntary and...
Mott transitionA metal-insulator transition driven by strong electron-electron correlations, where the Coulomb repulsion...
Mouse ear-swelling testA bioassay for the skin-sensitizing potential of a chemical. Mice are first sensitized, then challenged by...
Mouse IgE testAn immunological assay that measures the levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in mice, typically in...
Moving average methodA computational method for estimating a median lethal or effective concentration (LC50, EC50) or a median...
Moving belt interfaceA device used to transfer analytes from a liquid chromatograph to a mass spectrometer by depositing the...
MS/MS data based identificationThe process of identifying chemical compounds, particularly peptides and proteins, by comparing experimental...
MS/MS spectrumA plot of ion abundance versus mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) generated from a tandem mass spectrometry...
MSnA notation indicating multiple stages of mass spectrometry, where 'n' represents the number of sequential...
Mucociliary transportA primary defense mechanism of the respiratory system that involves the coordinated beating of cilia to move...
MucocutaneousRelating to the mucous membranes and the skin, particularly the regions where these two types of tissue meet...
MucopolysaccharidesA class of long, unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units, where one of the...
MucosaA moist epithelial lining that covers the internal surfaces of organs and cavities exposed to the external...
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissueAggregations of lymphoid cells found within the mucous membranes throughout the body, forming a key component...
Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1A cell surface glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells of mucosal venules, particularly in the gut. It...
Mucosal toleranceA state of immune unresponsiveness to antigens encountered via mucosal surfaces, preventing harmful immune...
Mucous membraneA moist lining composed of an epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue, called the lamina...
MucusA viscous, aqueous secretion produced by and covering mucous membranes throughout the body, including in the...
Mulching filmA polymer film placed on the soil surface around plants to control soil temperature, limit weed growth, and...
Mulliken population analysisA method for partitioning electron density among atoms in a molecule, based on the coefficients of atomic...
Multi-centre bondA chemical bond in which valence electrons are delocalized over more than two atomic centers. This type of...
Multi-centre reactionA chemical reaction in which bond breaking and bond formation occur simultaneously at several different...
Multi-channel pulse height analyserAn electronic instrument that sorts and counts electrical pulses according to their amplitude, storing the...
Multicoat morphologyA concentric-shell structure found when a block copolymer is mixed with a homopolymer identical to one of its...
Multicollector mass spectrometerA type of mass spectrometer equipped with multiple Faraday cup detectors or electron multipliers, arranged to...
Multicommutation flow extractionA flow-based extraction technique that uses a network of solenoid-actuated micro-pumps or valves to precisely...
Multicompartment formulationA pharmaceutical dosage form designed with distinct physical or chemical compartments, each containing...
Multicompartment modelA mathematical representation of how a substance distributes and eliminates within a biological system...
Multicomponent particleA particle in a dispersed system composed of two or more distinct chemical constituents that are segregated...
Multi-component resistA photoresist system composed of at least two distinct chemical components that interact to achieve the...
Multiconfiguration SCF methodA quantum chemical calculation technique that improves upon the Hartree-Fock method by including electron...
Multicotyledonary placentationA type of placental structure found in some mammals, characterized by multiple cotyledons, which are discrete...
Multi-dimensional chromatographyA separation technique that employs two or more different chromatographic mechanisms in series to achieve...
Multidimensional protein identification technologyA proteomic approach that combines multiple separation techniques, typically liquid chromatography, with mass...
Multidimensional scalingA statistical technique that visualizes the similarity or dissimilarity between objects in a low-dimensional...
Multidrug resistanceThe ability of a cell or organism to resist the effects of multiple structurally and mechanistically...
MultienzymeA protein or protein assembly that carries more than one catalytic function, supplied by separate domains of...
Multienzyme complexA non-covalently associated assembly of multiple enzymes that work in concert to catalyze a series of...
Multienzyme polypeptideA single polypeptide chain that contains multiple distinct catalytic domains, each capable of performing a...
Multifactorial diseaseA disease resulting from the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors, rather than a single...
Multifactorial inheritanceA pattern of inheritance where a trait or disease is determined by the combined influence of multiple genes...
Multigenerational studyA toxicological experiment designed to assess the effects of a substance on reproductive function and...
MultilayerA film composed of two or more distinct monolayers stacked on top of each other. The individual layers can be...
Multilayer adsorptionThe process where more than one layer of adsorbate molecules forms on the surface of an adsorbent. This...
Multilayer aggregateAn aggregate of polymer molecules, such as a lamellar crystal, that consists of several stacked layers. Each...
Multilayer coilA type of column used in high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) that consists of multiple turns of...
Multilayer tabletA pharmaceutical dosage form composed of two or more distinct layers of compacted granular material, each...
Multilayered particleA particle composed of two or more distinct layers of different materials, often with a core-shell structure...
Multilinear least squares regressionA statistical method used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and two or more independent...
Multiobjective optimizationA computational approach that seeks to find the best compromise solutions when several conflicting objectives...
Multiparameter optimisationThe simultaneous balancing of several compound properties in drug discovery, such as potency, selectivity...
Multiphase copolymerA copolymer that spontaneously separates into two or more distinct phases due to thermodynamic...
Multiphoton ionizationAn ionization process where an atom or molecule absorbs two or more photons simultaneously to achieve...
Multiphoton processA photochemical process in which a molecule absorbs two or more photons, either simultaneously or...
Multiple attenuated total reflectionAn optical technique where an infrared beam undergoes several internal reflections within a crystal...
Multiple chemical sensitivityA chronic condition characterized by recurrent symptoms, affecting multiple organ systems, that are...
Multiple headspace extractionA technique where the headspace above a sample is repeatedly extracted and analyzed, typically by gas...
Multiple helixA macromolecular structure where two or more polymer chains are intertwined around a common axis, forming a...
Multiple heterosisThe summed fitness gain of an individual that is heterozygous at several loci, each locus contributing...
Multiple inclusion morphologyA multiphase morphology in which dispersed domains of one polymer each enclose many small domains of a second...
Multiple myelomaA malignant proliferation of plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell found primarily in the bone...
Multiple peak scanningA method in mass spectrometry where the instrument rapidly and repeatedly monitors the ion currents of...
Multiple reaction monitoringA highly selective and sensitive mass spectrometry technique used for the quantitative analysis of target...
Multiple scatteringThe phenomenon where a particle, such as a photon or electron, undergoes several successive scattering events...
Multiple sclerosisA chronic, autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and...
Multiple screeningA public health approach in which several screening tests are given together to a large population group at a...
Multiple-pass cellA sample cell designed for spectroscopic measurements that increases the effective path length of light...
Multiple-quantum magic angle spinning NMRA nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy technique that combines magic angle spinning with the...
Multiple-stage mass spectrometryA mass spectrometry technique that involves performing sequential mass analysis steps on ions, often denoted...
MultipletA group of closely spaced lines in a spectrum, arising from the splitting of a single energy level or...
Multiplex advantageThe improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio achieved when a spectroscopic instrument measures multiple...
Multiplex assayAn analytical method that simultaneously measures multiple analytes in a single sample, often using a single...
Multiplex immunoassayAn immunoassay that measures many different proteins, such as cytokines, in one small sample at the same...
Multiplex spectrometerAn optical spectrometer that measures all elements of a spectrum simultaneously, rather than sequentially...
MultiplexingA dynamic mechanical analysis method that applies several sinusoidal deformations of different frequencies to...
Multiplicative matrix effectA type of matrix effect where the analytical signal from a component is altered by other components in the...
Multiplicative nameA name that expresses two or more identical parent structures joined by a symmetrical central group, the...
Multiplicative scatter correctionA data pre-processing technique used to compensate for additive and multiplicative scattering effects in...
MultiplicityA quantum mechanical property of an electronic state, defined as 2S + 1, where S is the total spin angular...
Multiply labelledDescribing a compound in which two or more atoms of one element have each been replaced by a chosen isotope...
MultipotentDescribing a stem cell that has the capacity to differentiate into multiple cell types within a specific...
Multipotent progenitor cellAn undifferentiated cell of adult tissue, such as bone marrow, that can give rise to several related cell...
Multireference configuration interactionA computational quantum chemistry method that describes the electronic wave function as a linear combination...
Multistage cluster samplingA sampling technique that involves selecting samples in stages, where larger units (clusters) are first...
Multistage countercurrent distributionA separation technique that involves the repeated partitioning of solutes between two immiscible liquid...
Multistage modelA conceptual framework used in toxicology and carcinogenesis to describe the progression of a disease or...
Multistage samplingA sampling procedure where the sampling process is carried out in successive stages, with larger units...
Multi-strand chainA chain composed of three or more parallel strands, so that adjacent constitutional units are linked through...
Multi-strand macromoleculeA macromolecule composed of three or more parallel strands, so that adjacent constitutional units are linked...
Multitarget drug discoveryA drug discovery strategy focused on identifying and developing compounds that interact with multiple...
Multitarget-directed ligandA single chemical entity designed to interact with two or more distinct biological targets that are...
Multivariate calibrationA statistical method that establishes a relationship between multiple measured variables (e.g., spectroscopic...
Multivariate curve resolutionA chemometric technique used to decompose complex multivariate data, such as spectroscopic measurements of...
Multivariate dataA dataset where each observation or sample is characterized by measurements of multiple variables. This type...
Multivariate statisticsA branch of statistics that deals with the analysis of data involving multiple variables simultaneously. It...
Multi-way dataA dataset characterized by having three or more modes or dimensions, such as samples, variables, and time...
Multiwell extraction plateA laboratory plate containing an array of wells, each designed for performing individual extraction steps on...
Multiwell sample plateA laboratory plate containing an array of individual wells, typically 96 or 384, designed to hold multiple...
MunchnonesA class of five-membered mesoionic heterocyclic compounds, formally known as 1,3-oxazolium-5-olates. Their...
Muon induced X-ray emission analysisAn analytical technique that uses muons, elementary particles similar to electrons but much heavier, to...
MuoniumAn exotic atom consisting of a positive muon (an antimuon) and an electron, with the symbol Mu. It is...
Murcko assemblyA structural representation of a molecule that consists of its ring systems and the linkers connecting them...
MurineRelating to or derived from mice or rats, often used in the context of experimental models in toxicology and...
Murine local lymph node assayAn in vivo test method used to identify potential skin sensitizers by measuring the proliferative response of...
MuscarinicRelating to or characteristic of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which are G-protein coupled...
Muscarinic receptorA type of acetylcholine receptor that is a G protein-coupled receptor, mediating the effects of acetylcholine...
Muscle spindleA specialized sensory receptor located within skeletal muscles that detects changes in muscle length and the...
MustardsA class of organic compounds containing a bis(2-haloethyl)amino or bis(2-haloethyl)sulfide functional group...
MutagenA physical or chemical agent that causes a change in the genetic material, typically DNA, of an organism...
MutagenesisThe process by which the genetic material of an organism is altered, resulting in a mutation. This change can...
MutagenicityThe capacity of a physical or chemical agent to induce changes in the genetic material of cells or organisms...
MutarotationThe change in the optical rotation of a solution of an anomeric sugar as the anomers interconvert to reach an...
MutationA permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA)...
Mutation rateThe frequency at which new mutations occur in a gene or a genome per unit of time or per cell division. It...
Mutual inductanceA measure of the extent to which a change in electric current in one circuit induces an electromotive force...
Mutual solubilityThe extent to which two or more substances dissolve in each other to form a homogeneous solution. This...
MutualismA symbiotic relationship between two different species where both organisms benefit from the interaction...
MyalgiaPain in a muscle or a group of muscles, often described as aching, soreness, or stiffness. This condition can...
MyastheniaA condition of abnormal muscular weakness or fatigue. In toxicology, it describes a functional deficit that...
MycoplasmaA genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membranes, making them resistant to many common...
MycotoxinA toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi, particularly molds, that can contaminate food and feed. These...
MydriasisThe dilation of the pupil of the eye, resulting in an increase in its diameter. This physiological response...
MyelencephalonThe most caudal region of the embryonic hindbrain, which develops into the medulla oblongata in the adult...
MyelinA fatty, insulating substance that forms a sheath around the axons of many neurons, particularly in the...
Myelin basic proteinA primary protein component of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cell axons in the central nervous...
Myelin cylindersConcentric lamellar structures formed by certain amphiphilic lipids in aqueous solutions, resembling the...
Myelin sheathA protective and insulating layer that surrounds the axons of many nerve cells, facilitating the rapid...
Myelin-associated glycoproteinA transmembrane glycoprotein found in the periaxonal membrane of myelinating glial cells in both the central...
MyelinationThe process of forming a myelin sheath around nerve axons, primarily by oligodendrocytes in the central...
MyeloblastAn immature precursor cell found in the bone marrow that differentiates into granulocytes, such as...
Myelodysplastic syndromeA group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and a risk of...
MyelogramA diagnostic imaging procedure that involves injecting a contrast agent into the subarachnoid space of the...
Myeloid stem cellA multipotent hematopoietic stem cell progenitor found in the bone marrow that gives rise to all blood cell...
Myeloid tissueTissue found within the bone marrow that is responsible for the production of blood cells, a process known as...
MyelomaA malignant proliferation of plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell responsible for producing...
Myeloma proteinAn abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragment produced by a clone of malignant plasma...
MyelomeningoceleA severe form of spina bifida, a birth defect where the spinal canal and backbone do not close completely...
MyelopathyA neurological disorder resulting from severe compression or damage to the spinal cord. This condition can...
MyeloperoxidaseA heme-containing enzyme found primarily in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils and monocytes. It...
MyelopoiesisThe biological process occurring primarily in the bone marrow that leads to the formation of all myeloid...
MyelosuppressionA reduction in the production of blood cells by the bone marrow, leading to decreased levels of red blood...
MyelotoxicDescribing a substance or agent that has a damaging effect on the bone marrow, leading to a reduction in the...
MyoblastA type of embryonic progenitor cell that differentiates and fuses to form multinucleated muscle fibers, a...
MyocarditisInflammation of the myocardium, the muscular wall of the heart, which can impair the heart's ability to pump...
MyocardiumThe muscular tissue of the heart, responsible for its contractile function and pumping blood throughout the...
MyometriumThe middle and thickest layer of the uterine wall, located between the inner endometrium and the outer...
MyopathyA clinical disorder originating in the skeletal muscles, characterized by muscle weakness, cramps, or...
MyotomeA segment of muscle or a group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root. In embryonic development...
MyotoniaA neuromuscular condition characterized by the delayed relaxation of skeletal muscles following voluntary...

952 of 13,676 terms in Chemistry terminology (MLC-0109). Request the full dataset.